Table 5.
Association between PA variables and the risk of incident elevated blood pressure
| No. with incident elevated BP (N = 185, 62.3%) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. at risk (N = 297) | No. incident elevated BP (% of No. at risk) | Model 1 adjusted Hazard Ratio (95% CI) | p-value | Model 2 adjusted Hazard Ratio (95% CI) | p-value | |
| Habitual PA level at baseline [min/week] | ||||||
| Low (< 75) | 14 | 8 (2.7) | ref | ref | ||
| Medium (75–149) | 74 | 44 (14.8) | 1.23 (0.58–2.62) | 0.597 | 1.00 (0.42–2.40) | 0.995 |
| High (≥ 150) | 209 | 133 (44.8) | 1.23 (0.59–2.54) | 0.583 | 1.056 (0.46–2.45) | 0.899 |
| Sports-related PA level at baseline [min/week] | ||||||
| Low (< 75) | 162 | 98 (33.0) | ref | ref | ||
| Medium (75–149) | 72 | 45 (15.2) | 1.09 (0.75–1.57) | 0.652 | 1.11 (0.75–1.65) | 0.607 |
| High (≥ 150) | 63 | 42 (14.1) | 1.30 (0.90–1.88) | 0.163 | 1.40 (0.94–2.09) | 0.098 |
| Sports-related intensity level at baseline [METh/week] {1} | ||||||
| Not intensively active (< 8.3) | 169 | 95 (32.0) | ref | ref | ||
| Moderately intensively active (8.3–16.5) | 63 | 45 (15.2) | 1.34 (0.93–1.92) | 0.118 | 1.26 (0.86–1.85) | 0.241 |
| Highly intensively active (≥ 16.6) | 64 | 45 (15.2) | 1.42 (0.99–2.03) | 0.058 | 1.49 (1.01–2.20) | 0.044 |
| Change in sports-related PA over time [min/week] {12} | ||||||
| Stable inactive (< 150– < 150) | 171 | 102 (34.3) | ref | ref | ||
| Quits activity (≥ 150– < 150) | 26 | 20 (6.7) | 1.65 (1.01–2.69) | 0.046 | 1.68 (1.01–2.80) | 0.046 |
| Starts activity (< 150– ≥ 150) | 59 | 38 (12.8) | 0.75 (0.51–1.10) | 0.142 | 0.69 (0.45–1.06) | 0.090 |
| Stable active (≥ 150– ≥ 150) | 29 | 18 (6.1) | 0.92 (0.55–1.53) | 0.737 | 0.92 (0.52–1.63) | 0.775 |
| Change in sports-related intensity level over time [METh/week] {3} | ||||||
| Stable low (< 16.6– < 16.6) | 176 | 103 (34.7) | ref | ref | ||
| Decreasing (≥ 16.6– < 16.6) | 30 | 22 (7.4) | 1.47 (0.92–2.34) | 0.106 | 1.52 (0.92–2.50) | 0.101 |
| Increasing (< 16.6– ≥ 16.6) | 55 | 36 (12.1) | 0.74 (0.50–1.10) | 0.137 | 0.74 (0.49–1.13) | 0.158 |
| Stable high (≥ 16.6– ≥ 16.6) | 33 | 23 (7.7) | 1.03 (0.65–1.63) | 0.904 | 1.11 (0.68–1.81) | 0.668 |
BP blood pressure, CI confidence interval, METh metabolic equivalent hours, min minutes, N number of participants, No. Number, PA physical activity, ref reference group, SES socio-economic status. Model 1: adjusted for age, sex and SES; Model 2: adjusted for age, sex, SES, and comorbidities with regard to MetS risk factors at study entry. {} indicates number of N missing. Significant values (p < 0.05) are in [bold]; significant values after Bonferroni correction for multiple testing are indicated by [*]