TABLE 1.
Characteristics of participants at blood draw according to total fructose quartiles in HPFS, NHS and NHSII1
| HPFS (n = 6858) |
NHS (n = 15,400) |
NHSII (n = 19,456) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quartile 1 |
Quartile 4 |
Quartile 1 |
Quartile 4 |
Quartile 1 |
Quartile 4 |
|
| n = 1714 | n = 1714 | n = 3849 | n = 3849 | n = 4864 | n = 4863 | |
| Age at blood draw, y | 61.1 ± 8.1 | 62.6 ± 8.8 | 56.2 ± 7.0 | 58.4 ± 6.8 | 44.0 ± 4.5 | 44.0 ± 4.7 |
| Fructose intake, g/d | 31.5 ± 5.7 | 68.2 ± 10.6 | 26.4 ± 4.6 | 53.4 ± 7.6 | 27.4 ± 4.7 | 63.3 ± 12.5 |
| SSB fructose intake, g/d | 2.1 ± 3.9 | 14.4 ± 19.1 | 1.4 ± 3.1 | 9.5 ± 14.8 | 2.0 ± 2.9 | 22.8 ± 21.7 |
| Juice fructose intake, g/d | 3.7 ± 3.7 | 9.9 ± 8.3 | 3.3 ± 3.7 | 9.2 ± 8.5 | 2.7 ± 3.0 | 9.3 ± 9.6 |
| Fruit fructose intake, g/d | 8.3 ± 5.0 | 20.2 ± 12.5 | 8.6 ± 4.6 | 18.4 ± 10.3 | 7.0 ± 4.4 | 11.6 ± 9.1 |
| Percentage fructose from SSB, % | 6.6 | 20.3 | 5.1 | 16.8 | 6.9 | 33.5 |
| Percentage fructose from juice, % | 11.4 | 14.5 | 12.4 | 17.2 | 9.5 | 14.9 |
| Percentage fructose from fruit, % | 25.9 | 29.8 | 32.1 | 34.7 | 25.0 | 19.3 |
| Percentage energy from fructose, % | 6.3 | 13.6 | 6.7 | 13.5 | 6.1 | 14.0 |
| Percentage energy from total carbohydrates, % | 42.5 | 57.6 | 42.5 | 55.8 | 45.3 | 58.1 |
| Percentage energy from fat, % | 33.2 | 27.2 | 34.9 | 28.6 | 33.7 | 27.0 |
| Total energy intake, kcal/d | 1999 ± 566 | 1954 ± 547 | 1769 ± 473 | 1736 ± 483 | 1832 ± 520 | 1804 ± 527 |
| AHEI score2 | 45.1 ± 9.1 | 48.6 ± 8.8 | 44.2 ± 8.7 | 46.0 ± 8.6 | 44.4 ± 8.7 | 44.1 ± 8.4 |
| Physical activity, MET-h/wk | 28.8 ± 22.2 | 32.6 ± 24.4 | 13.0 ± 14.0 | 15.7 ± 16.0 | 16.4 ± 18.2 | 16.9 ± 19.2 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 26.0 ± 3.3 | 25.1 ± 2.9 | 25.7 ± 4.8 | 24.9 ± 4.4 | 26.8 ± 6.1 | 25.5 ± 5.6 |
| Current smokers, % | 8.8 | 5.1 | 20.4 | 11.6 | 10.6 | 8.1 |
| Pack-years of smoking among ever-smokers | 16.3 ± 19.9 | 8.6 ± 15.1 | 18.0 ± 22.2 | 9.7 ± 16.3 | 5.7 ± 9.8 | 4.2 ± 9.0 |
| Alcohol intake, g/d | 21.1 ± 18.9 | 5.5 ± 8.3 | 11.1 ± 14.2 | 2.9 ± 5.2 | 6.4 ± 9.6 | 2.1 ± 4.0 |
| Hypertension, % | 25.2 | 23.0 | 24.8 | 23.2 | 13.2 | 12.9 |
| Hypercholesterolemia, % | 39.0 | 36.4 | 35.6 | 40.8 | 22.0 | 23.2 |
| Cholesterol-lowering drug use, % | 7.6 | 6.9 | 2.0 | 2.8 | 3.4 | 4.4 |
| Regular aspirin or NSAID use3, % | 60.8 | 54.2 | 61.3 | 57.8 | 45.0 | 41.3 |
| Postmenopausal, % | — | — | 74.8 | 75.0 | 18.0 | 19.9 |
| Current menopausal hormone use4, % | — | — | 31.1 | 30.2 | 13.4 | 14.8 |
AHEI, Alternative Healthy Eating Index; HPFS, Health Professionals Follow-up Study; MET, metabolic equivalent of task; NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; SSB, sugar-sweetened beverages.
1
Values are means ± SDs for continuous variables and percentages for categorical variables unless otherwise specified. All variables were standardized by age at blood draw.
2
Excluded SSB, fruit juice, and fruit in the score calculation.
3
Regular users were defined as ≥2 tablets of aspirin (325 mg/tablet) or NSAIDs per week.
4
Defined in menopausal women only.