TABLE 2.
Percentage of differences (95% CIs) in biomarker concentrations associated with 20 g/d of total fructose among participants from HPFS, NHS, and NHSII1
| 3 cohorts combined (n = 41,714) | HPFS (n = 6858) | NHS (n = 15,400) | NHSII (n = 19,456) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Insulinemic/glycemic markers | ||||
| C-peptide | ||||
| n | 12,433 | 3946 | 6550 | 1937 |
| Model 1 | −2.1 (−3.5, −0.7)∗∗ | −2.3 (−4.5, −0.1)∗ | −3.1 (−5.4, −0.9)∗ | −0.2 (−3.1, 2.7) |
| Model 2 | 0.9 (−0.5, 2.4) | 1.8 (−0.6, 4.3) | 0.0 (−2.2, 2.4) | 0.6 (−2.2, 3.4) |
| HbA1c | ||||
| n | 9912 | 1919 | 5711 | 2282 |
| Model 1 | −0.1 (−0.3, 0.1) | −0.2 (−0.7, 0.3) | −0.2 (−0.5, 0.1) | 0.1 (−0.2, 0.5) |
| Model 2 | −0.2 (−0.4, 0.0) | −0.1 (−0.7, 0.4) | −0.3 (−0.6, 0.0)∗ | 0.1 (−0.2, 0.4) |
| Inflammatory markers | ||||
| CRP | ||||
| n | 16,810 | 4109 | 9054 | 3647 |
| Model 1 | −5.9 (−8.3, −3.4)∗∗∗ | −6.6 (−10.3, −2.8)∗∗∗ | −8.0 (−11.8, −4.0)∗∗∗ | −1.0 (−6.0, 4.4) |
| Model 2 | 0.3 (−2.2, 2.8) | −0.6 (−4.7, 3.7) | −0.5 (−4.5, 3.6) | 3.0 (−1.7, 7.9) |
| IL-6 | ||||
| n | 11,011 | 2037 | 5926 | 3048 |
| Model 1 | −0.7 (−2.5, 1.0) | −3.7 (−6.7, −0.6)∗ | −1.6 (−4.5, 1.4) | 2.2 (−0.6, 5.1) |
| Model 2 | 1.9 (0.1, 3.7)∗ | −0.7 (−4.1, 2.8) | 2.2 (−0.8, 5.4) | 3.3 (0.7, 6.1)∗ |
| TNF-R1 | ||||
| n | 3314 | 250 | 1729 | 1335 |
| Model 1 | 1.9 (0.6, 3.2)∗ | 5.7 (1.3, 10.3)∗ | 2.6 (0.3, 5.0)∗ | 0.5 (−1.1, 2.1) |
| Model 2 | 1.7 (0.3, 3.0) ∗ | 6.7 (1.7, 12.0)∗ | 2.1 (−0.2, 4.5) | 0.3 (−1.3, 1.8) |
| TNF-R2 | ||||
| n | 10,708 | 2126 | 5847 | 2735 |
| Model 1 | 2.4 (1.6, 3.1)∗∗∗ | 3.6 (2.2, 5.0)∗∗∗ | 2.2 (0.9, 3.6)∗∗∗ | 1.5 (0.4, 2.6)∗ |
| Model 2 | 1.9 (1.1, 2.7)∗∗∗ | 3.2 (1.7, 4.8)∗∗∗ | 1.7 (0.4, 3.1)∗ | 1.1 (0.1, 2.2)∗ |
| ICAM-1 | ||||
| n | 6248 | 2148 | 3130 | 970 |
| Model 1 | 0.5 (−0.4, 1.4) | 1.0 (−0.3, 2.3) | −0.9 (−2.4, 0.6) | 2.2 (0.4, 4.1)∗ |
| Model 2 | 1.5 (0.6, 2.4)∗∗∗ | 1.2 (−0.2, 2.7) | 1.5 (0.0, 3.0) | 1.6 (−0.2, 3.4) |
| Adiponectin | ||||
| n | 13,893 | 2455 | 8100 | 3338 |
| Model 1 | −3.1 (−4.3, −1.9)∗∗∗ | −4.1 (−6.5, −1.6)∗∗ | −2.5 (−4.2, −0.8)∗∗ | −3.5 (−5.7, −1.3)∗∗ |
| Model 2 | −3.5 (−4.7, −2.3)∗∗∗ | −4.2 (−6.8, −1.4)∗∗ | −3.2 (−4.9, −1.5)∗∗∗ | −3.5 (−5.7, −1.3)∗∗ |
| Leptin | ||||
| n | 9831 | 2762 | 3372 | 3697 |
| Model 1 | −6.4 (−8.4, −4.4)∗∗∗ | −9.6 (−12.9, −6.1)∗∗∗ | −8.0 (−12.0, −3.8)∗∗∗ | −2.8 (−5.9, 0.4) |
| Model 2 | −0.9 (−2.7, 0.9) | −1.0 (−4.3, 2.4) | −2.0 (−5.4, 1.5) | 0.4 (−2.2, 3.1) |
| Lipid markers | ||||
| TC | ||||
| n | 14,979 | 2612 | 6741 | 5626 |
| Model 1 | −0.4 (−0.9, 0.0)∗ | −0.7 (−1.6, 0.3) | −0.3 (−1.0, 0.5) | −0.4 (−1.0, 0.2) |
| Model 2 | −0.1 (−0.5, 0.3) | 0.5 (−0.4, 1.5) | −0.2 (−1.0, 0.5) | −0.2 (−0.8, 0.4) |
| HDL-C | ||||
| n | 8623 | 1738 | 5565 | 1320 |
| Model 1 | −3.6 (−4.5, −2.7)∗∗∗ | −3.5 (−5.1, −1.9)∗∗∗ | −3.1 (−4.4, −1.9)∗∗∗ | −4.7 (−6.5, −2.8)∗∗∗ |
| Model 2 | −1.9 (−2.8, −1.0)∗∗∗ | −1.9 (−3.6, −0.1)∗ | −1.6 (−2.9, −0.3)∗ | −2.7 (−4.4, −1.0)∗∗ |
| LDL-C | ||||
| n | 7169 | 2094 | 3757 | 1318 |
| Model 1 | 0.5 (−0.5, 1.5) | 0.3 (−1.3, 1.9) | 0.2 (−1.4, 1.7) | 1.5 (−0.5, 3.6) |
| Model 2 | 0.6 (−0.4, 1.6) | 1.5 (−0.1, 3.2) | −0.6 (−2.1, 0.9) | 1.4 (−0.5, 3.4) |
| TG | ||||
| n | 10,234 | 1598 | 4428 | 4208 |
| Model 1 | 1.6 (0.2, 3.1)∗ | 2.0 (−1.1, 5.3) | 1.7 (−0.8, 4.4) | 1.4 (−0.7, 3.5) |
| Model 2 | 2.8 (1.4, 4.2)∗∗∗ | 4.6 (1.3, 8.0)∗ | 3.8 (1.3, 6.5)∗∗ | 1.5 (−0.4, 3.4) |
| TG/HDL-C ratio | ||||
| n | 6092 | 1516 | 3293 | 1283 |
| Model 1 | 5.4 (2.7, 8.1)∗∗∗ | 5.7 (1.1, 10.5)∗ | 3.2 (−0.7, 7.3) | 8.3 (3.1, 13.8)∗∗ |
| Model 2 | 5.9 (3.3, 8.5)∗∗∗ | 7.0 (2.4, 11.9)∗∗ | 4.8 (0.9, 8.9)∗ | 5.4 (0.7, 10.2)∗ |
HDL-C, HDL cholesterol; HPFS, Health Professionals Follow-up Study; LDL-C, LDL cholesterol; ref, reference; TC, total cholesterol.
∗0.005 ≤ P < 0.05, ∗∗0.001 ≤ P < 0.005, ∗∗∗P < 0.001.
Model 1 was adjusted for cohort (HPFS/NHS/NHSII), age at blood draw (continuous), sex (male/female), case-control status (case/control), fasting status (fasting/not fasting), and total energy intake (quartiles). Model 2 was additionally adjusted for physical activity (quartiles); smoking status and intensity (never smoker; former smoker, pack-years <30; former smoker, pack-years ≥30; current smoker, pack-years <30; current smoker, pack-years ≥30); alcohol intake (0, 0.1–4.9, 5.0–9.9, 10.0–14.9, ≥15.0 g/d); AHEI score excluding fruit, fruit juice, and SSB (quartiles); hypertension (yes/no); hypercholesterolemia (yes/no); use of cholesterol-lowering drugs (yes/no); regular use of aspirin or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use (yes/no); BMI (<23.0, 23.0–24.9, 25.0–27.4, 27.5–29.9, ≥30.0 kg/m2); and for women, menopausal status (premenopausal/postmenopausal/unknown) and menopausal hormone therapy (never/past/current use).