TABLE 3.
Hazard ratios of chronic liver disease mortality according to quintile of fruits and vegetables consumption in NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study, 1995-2011 (n = 485,403)
| Fruits or vegetables | Quintile 1 | Quintile 2 | Quintile 3 | Quintile 4 | Quintile 5 | P for trend | Per unit difference 2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total fruits1 | |||||||
| Cases | 267 | 210 | 180 | 156 | 173 | ||
| Age adjusted | 1 | 0.74 (0.62,0.89) | 0.62 (0.51,0.75) | 0.53 (0.43,0.65) | 0.59 (0.48,0.71) | <0.001 | 0.83 (0.76,0.90) |
| Multivariable adjusted | 1 | 0.95 (0.79,1.15) | 0.86 (0.71,1.05) | 0.78 (0.63,0.96) | 0.89 (0.73,1.10) | 0.15 | 0.99 (0.91,1.08) |
| Botanical groups | |||||||
| Cucurbitaceae | 1 | 0.87 (0.72,1.05) | 0.90 (0.74,1.09) | 0.85 (0.70,1.03) | 0.76 (0.62,0.93) | 0.02 | 0.99 (0.92,1.06) |
| Musaceae | 1 | 0.87 (0.72,1.05) | 0.96 (0.80,1.17) | 0.89 (0.73,1.09) | 0.77 (0.62,0.95) | 0.03 | 0.95 (0.88,1.01) |
| Rosaceae | 1 | 0.79 (0.66,0.95) | 0.74 (0.61,0.90) | 0.82 (0.67,0.99) | 0.71 (0.58,0.87) | 0.02 | 0.92 (0.85,0.99) |
| Rutaceae (citrus) | 1 | 0.71 (0.58,0.86) | 0.87 (0.72,1.05) | 0.79 (0.65,0.96) | 0.93 (0.77,1.13) | 0.78 | 1.08 (1.02,1.15) |
| Vitaceae | 1 | 0.92 (0.76,1.11) | 0.98 (0.81,1.19) | 0.91 (0.75,1.11) | 0.86 (0.70,1.06) | 0.19 | 1.00 (0.94,1.07) |
| Total vegetables1 | |||||||
| Cases | 299 | 195 | 171 | 178 | 143 | ||
| Age adjusted | 1 | 0.64 (0.54,0.77) | 0.55 (0.46,0.67) | 0.57 (0.48,0.69) | 0.46 (0.38,0.56) | <0.001 | 0.67 (0.60,0.76) |
| Multivariable adjusted | 1 | 0.80 (0.66,0.96) | 0.73 (0.60,0.88) | 0.77 (0.63,0.93) | 0.61 (0.50,0.76) | <0.001 | 0.82 (0.73,0.91) |
| Botanical groups | |||||||
| Chenopodiaceae | 1 | 0.96 (0.76,1.22) | 0.95 (0.79,1.13) | 0.95 (0.80,1.14) | 0.92 (0.76,1.11) | 0.47 | 0.98 (0.91,1.06) |
| Compositae | 1 | 0.89 (0.74,1.06) | 0.89 (0.74,1.07) | 0.62 (0.50,0.76) | 0.63 (0.51,0.78) | <0.001 | 0.84 (0.77,0.91) |
| Convolvulaceae | 1 | 0.93 (0.77,1.13) | 0.79 (0.66,0.95) | 0.78 (0.65,0.94) | 0.71 (0.58,0.86) | <0.001 | 0.86 (0.78,0.95) |
| Cruciferae | 1 | 0.93 (0.77,1.11) | 0.78 (0.64,0.94) | 0.70 (0.57,0.86) | 0.66 (0.53,0.81) | <0.001 | 0.87 (0.80,0.95) |
| Gramineae | 1 | 1.08 (0.90,1.30) | 0.95 (0.78,1.15) | 0.90 (0.73,1.10) | 1.07 (0.88,1.30) | 0.87 | 1.04 (0.98,1.10) |
| Leguminosae | 1 | 1.18 (0.99,1.42) | 0.93 (0.76,1.13) | 0.82 (0.67,1.00) | 0.83 (0.67,1.02) | 0.003 | 0.89 (0.82,0.96) |
| Solanaceae | 1 | 1.14 (0.94,1.39) | 1.05 (0.86,1.29) | 1.04 (0.85,1.28) | 1.27 (1.04,1.54) | 0.03 | 1.09 (1.05,1.13) |
| Umbelliferae | 1 | 0.89 (0.75,1.06) | 0.71 (0.59,0.85) | 0.68 (0.55,0.82) | 0.49 (0.39,0.61) | < 0.001 | 0.72 (0.64,0.82) |
Chenopodiaceae: raw spinach and cooked spinach; Compositae: lettuce; Convolvulaceae: sweet potatoes and yams; Cruciferae: broccoli, cauliflower, brussels sprouts, turnip, cabbage, coleslaw, collard, mustard and kale; Cucurbitaceae: cantaloupe, watermelon and honeydew melon; Gramineae: corn; Leguminosae: dried beans, string beans and peas; Musaceae: bananas; Rosaceae: apples, peach, nectarines, plums, pears and strawberries; Rutaceae (citrus): oranges, tangerines, tangelos and grapefruits; Solanaceae: tomatoes, peppers; Umbelliferae: carrots; Vitaceae: grapes.
Multivariable-adjusted model adjusted for age at entry into cohort, education level, race and ethnicity, alcohol intake, BMI, smoking, total energy intake, usual activity throughout the day, diabetes, aspirin use, coffee intake, and stratified by sex.
The median intake for fruits intake in each quintile is 0.30, 0.67, 1.01, 1.43, and 2.24 cups/1000 kcal per day; the median intake for vegetables intake in each quintile is 0.57, 0.87, 1.12, 1.43, and 2.06 cups/1000 kcal per day.
The unit is one cup per 1000 kcal per day for total fruit and vegetable and SD for botanical groups.