Table 1.
Individual characteristics among complete cases without missing data in 2019 and 2021.
| Variables | 2019 (n=272,543), n (%) | 2021 (n=278,064), n (%) | ||||
| Sociodemographic | ||||||
|
|
Sex | |||||
|
|
|
Male | 129,986 (47.7) | 135,745 (48.8) | ||
|
|
|
Female | 142,557 (52.3) | 142,319 (51.2) | ||
|
|
Age range (years) | |||||
|
|
|
18-24 | 13,910 (5.1) | 11,020 (4) | ||
|
|
|
25-34 | 28,659 (10.5) | 28,729 (10.3) | ||
|
|
|
35-44 | 34,174 (12.5) | 39,392 (14.2) | ||
|
|
|
45-54 | 41,268 (15.1) | 44,794 (16.1) | ||
|
|
|
55-64 | 58,183(21.4) | 56,628 (20.3) | ||
|
|
|
65 and older | 96,349 (35.4) | 97,501 (35.1) | ||
|
|
Residential area | |||||
|
|
|
Urban | 230,874 (84.7) | 237,673 (85.5) | ||
|
|
|
Rural | 41,669 (15.3) | 40,391 (14.5) | ||
|
|
Education level | |||||
|
|
|
Attended high school or less | 14,805 (5.4) | 13,065 (4.7) | ||
|
|
|
Graduated from high school | 67,247 (24.7) | 65,609 (23.6) | ||
|
|
|
Attended college or above | 77,622 (28.5) | 77,630 (27.9) | ||
|
|
|
Graduated from college or above | 112,869 (41.4) | 121,760 (43.8) | ||
|
|
Marital status | |||||
|
|
|
Single | 52,796 (19.4) | 54,306 (19.5) | ||
|
|
|
Married | 146,251 (53.7) | 152,435 (54.8) | ||
|
|
|
Divorced, widowed, or others | 73,496 (27) | 71,323 (25.6) | ||
|
|
Employment | |||||
|
|
|
Employed | 145,075 (53.3) | 152,050 (54.7) | ||
|
|
|
Unemployed | 27,083 (9.9) | 26,550 (9.5) | ||
|
|
|
Retired or unable to work | 100,385 (36.8) | 99,464 (35.8) | ||
|
|
Household income (US $) | |||||
|
|
|
Less than 15,000 | 22,051 (8.1) | 15,772 (5.6) | ||
|
|
|
15,000 to <25,000 | 39,395 (14.5) | 26,772 (9.6) | ||
|
|
|
25,000 to <35,000 | 26,803 (9.8) | 33,851 (12.2) | ||
|
|
|
35,000 to <50,000 | 37,991 (13.9) | 38,514 (13.9) | ||
|
|
|
50,000 or more | 146,303 (53.7) | 163,155 (58.7) | ||
|
|
Housing | |||||
|
|
|
Own | 199,188 (73.1) | 206,029 (74.1) | ||
|
|
|
Rent | 62,790 (23) | 62,854 (22.6) | ||
|
|
|
Other arrangement | 10,565 (3.9) | 9181 (3.3) | ||
|
|
Health insurance | |||||
|
|
|
Yes | 252,202 (92.5) | 264,984 (95.3) | ||
|
|
|
No | 20,341 (7.5) | 13,080 (4.7) | ||
| Health and related behaviors | ||||||
|
|
Perceived health | |||||
|
|
|
Excellent | 44,293 (16.3) | 49,072 (17.6) | ||
|
|
|
Very good | 94,103 (34.5) | 98,468 (35.4) | ||
|
|
|
Good | 84,798 (31.1) | 86,112 (31) | ||
|
|
|
Fair | 36,038 (13.2) | 33,517 (12.1) | ||
|
|
|
Poor | 13,311 (4.9) | 10,895 (3.9) | ||
|
|
Chronic health condition | |||||
|
|
|
Hypertension | 110,699 (40.6) | 165,449 (59.5) | ||
|
|
|
High cholesterol | 95,634 (35.1) | 152,806 (55) | ||
|
|
|
Diabetes | 37,048 (13.6) | 37,910 (13.6) | ||
|
|
|
Asthma | 25,755 (9.4) | 27,300 (9.8) | ||
|
|
|
COPDa | 22,545 (8.3) | 22,261 (8) | ||
|
|
|
Depression | 53,900 (19.8) | 57,284 (20.6) | ||
|
|
Report of comorbidities | |||||
|
|
|
None | 91,235 (33.5) | 29,563 (10.6) | ||
|
|
|
2 and more | 101,630 (37.3) | 159,570 (57.4) | ||
|
|
Health behaviors | |||||
|
|
|
Maintaining optimal body weight | 83,875 (30.8) | 80,754 (29) | ||
|
|
|
Performing physical activity | 204,733 (75.1) | 214,943 (77.3) | ||
|
|
|
Healthy diet | 44,028 (16.2) | 40,444 (14.5) | ||
|
|
Risk behaviors | |||||
|
|
|
Current smoker | 38,662 (14.2) | 36,983 (13.3) | ||
|
|
|
Excessive alcohol user | 44,171 (16.2) | 44,798 (16.1) | ||
|
|
Practicing healthy lifestyles | |||||
|
|
|
Yes | 10,955 (4) | 10,139 (3.6) | ||
|
|
|
No | 261,590 (96) | 267,925 (96.4) | ||
aCOPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.