Table 3.

Remote monitoring examples by population and use.

Author	Population	Use of remote monitoring
Atilgan et al [129]	Patients after cardiac surgery	Patients used remote devices to record vital parameters, such as blood pressure, pulse rate, saturation, body temperature, blood glucose, and electrocardiography. The data were stored in web-based and mobile apps and used in follow-up for postoperative outcomes. A total of 144 (6.1%) potentially life-threatening complications were found early in this study using remote monitoring.
Compton et al [48]	Adult patients with cystic fibrosis	Patients performed spirometry at home, and the results were monitored by the clinic. The users got instructions, reminders, and coaching for use during the study. Monitoring spirometry data with home devices remotely was seen as reliable and sustainable. The process was also seen as replicable to other clinics.
Kesavadev et al [114]	Patients with type 2 diabetes	Patients self-monitored glucose and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) values and other biochemical measurements. The data were stored and then reported via the telephone, email, or websites before the following consultation. The remote self-monitoring was seen as safe and cost-effective in the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
Kuipers et al [103]	Patients with respiratory diseases	Patients used an electronic inhalation-monitoring device to remind themselves of medications and register inhalations. The device was connected to a mobile app, where the data were stored. The data were additionally linked to an online portal, which was used by health care professionals. The electronic inhalation-monitoring device was found to be acceptable and easy to use, but many hesitated to continue its use. More user-tailored features were desired.
Radhakrishnan et al [85]	Patients with heart failure	Patients were monitored remotely after hospital discharge, and different sets of data was collected. Remote monitoring itself did not seem to affect the likelihood of rehospitalization neither for all-cause hospitalizations nor for cardiac-related hospitalizations.
Sengpiel et al [107]	Outpatients after lung transplantation	Patients used home spirometry for telemonitoring in 1 group storing the data via a Bluetooth-equipped mobile phone. In the other group, home spirometry was used alone without a Bluetooth connection. The use of a Bluetooth connection to store data enabled generating alarm messages. Adherence to home spirometry was 97.2% in the group using Bluetooth and 95.3% in the group using home spirometry alone. Patients using Bluetooth reported less anxiety.
Wade et al [99]	Older adults at risk of being admitted into residential care and their caregivers	Older adults used remote monitoring to measure vital signs, such as blood pressure, heart rate, oxygen saturation level, and body weight, which were sent to their general practitioner. Older people and their caregivers perceived remote monitoring as useful and easy to use.
Yi et al [87]	Medically underserved Black and Hispanic participants	Participants monitored blood pressure with a home blood pressure monitor. The data were transmitted via a modem to a secure database. Remote monitoring was not shown to improve control over usual care in this study. Results indicated that minorities may face barriers, such as restrictions in access to digital services and health resources in general.