Figure 5. Effect of insulin on glycolysis and glucose oxidation in kidney cortex and liver extracts of Akita mice.

Akita mice were treated with and without insulin for 5 days followed by ¹³C-glucose injections and metabolomics and metabolic flux analyses. (A and B) ¹³C-labeled glycolytic intermediates tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle metabolites in kidney cortex. (C and D) ¹³C-labeled glycolytic intermediates and TCA cycle intermediates in liver. Data represent the mean ± SEM, n = 6 mice per group. For statistical analysis, we used the sum of all ¹³C isotopologues for each metabolite. Data were analyzed by unpaired 2-tailed Student’s t test. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01.