Table 2.

GEE Models of online health form data pre-post onset of COVID-19 pandemic restrictions

Parameter	Estimate	SE	Odds ratio (95%) CI	p-value
Model 1: Blue mood
Intercept	−6.60	3.45		0.06
COVID-19 pandemic (yes/no)	1.48	0.33	4.38 (2.31 – 8.30)	<0.01*
Age	0.02	0.05	1.02 (0.93 – 1.12)	0.69
Female vs. male	−0.28	0.64	0.76 (0.22 – 2.66)	0.67
Large rural	0.00	0.65	1.00 (0.28 – 3.53)	0.99
Small rural	−0.74	0.74	0.48 (0.11 – 2.03)	0.32
Single vs. married	0.55	0.72	1.74 (0.43 – 7.10)	0.44
Model 2: Loneliness
Intercept	−11.09	4.21		0.01
COVID-19 pandemic (yes/no)	1.97	0.38	7.17 (3.43 – 14.99)	<0.01*
Age	0.07	0.06	1.07 (0.96 – 1.19)	0.24
Female vs. male	−0.31	0.85	0.73 (0.14 – 3.85)	0.71
Large rural	−0.30	0.84	0.74 (0.14 – 3.89)	0.72
Small rural	−0.42	0.90	0.66 (0.11 – 3.85)	0.64
Single vs. married	2.22	0.85	9.17 (1.72 – 48.90)	<0.01*
Model 3: Travel away from home
Intercept	−1.69	2.08		0.42
COVID-19 pandemic (yes/no)	−0.71	0.15	0.49 (0.37 – 0.67)	<0.01*
Age	−0.02	0.03	0.98 (0.93 – 1.04)	0.53
Female vs. male	0.00	0.37	1.00 (0.48 – 2.07)	1.00
Large rural	1.23	0.39	3.43 (1.60 – 7.34)	<0.01*
Small rural	0.47	0.42	1.60 (0.71 – 3.61)	0.26
Single vs. married	0.06	0.44	1.06 (0.44 – 2.52)	0.90

^*p<0.05