Table 1.

Prognostic biomarkers evaluated by the ALFSG (2006–2021)

Biomarker		Diagnosis	Clinical outcome	P value	Reference
AFP day 3/AFP day 1 ratio		ALF	SS > D/LT	<0.001	Schiødt et al (18)
M-30 Ag		ALF	SS < D/LT (1,004 vs 21,830 U/L)	0.026	Rutherford et al (19)
Actin-free Gc-globulin		ALF	SS > D/LT (53 vs 37 mg/L)	0.002	Schiødt et al (20)
GDCA		APAP-ALF	SS < D/LT	<0.004	Woolbright et al (21)
sRAGE		APAP-ALF	SS < D/LT SIRS ≤2 < SIRS > 2	0.0005 0.029	Basta et al (22)
Osteopontin		APAP-ALF (APAP, ischemia)	SS > D/LT (1,470 vs 825 ng/mL)	0.067	Srungaram et al (23)
Gal-9		DILI-ALF	SS < D/LT	<0.002	Rosen et al (25)
FABP-1		APAP-ALF	SS < D/LT Early 238.6 vs 690.8 ng/mL Late 148.4 vs 612.3 ng/mL	<0.0001	Karvellas et al (26)
Serum hepcidin		ALF	SS > D/LT 8.2 vs 2.7 mM/L	<0.001	Spivak et al (28)
Lect2		ALF	SS < D/LT 14.8 ng/mL vs 21.6 ng/mL	0.024	Slowik et al (29)
sCD163 macrophage activator marker		Wilson-ALF	Wilson-ALF > chronic WD 14.6 vs 2.6 mg/L	<0.001	Glavind et al (33)
Factor V		ALF	SS > D/LT 31% vs 15%	0.001	Patidar et al (31)
miRNA (miR-150, -27a, -149, -191)	(Days 1–2, regeneration-linked) + MELD score and vasopressor use	APAP-ALF	Outperformed the MELD score, ALFSG PI with and without a threshold value and the KCC in predicting 21-d mortality	<0.001	Tavabie et al (30)

ALF, acute liver failure; ALFSG, Acute Liver Failure Study Group; APAP, acetaminophen; D/LT, death or liver transplantation; DILI, drug-induced liver injury; FABP1, fatty acid-binding protein 1; Gal-9, Galectin-9; GDCA, glycodeoxycholic acid; K8/K18, keratins 8 and 18; KCC, King's College criteria; Lect2, leukocyte cell-derived chemotaxin-2; MELD, model for end-stage liver disease; miRNA, micro-RNA; PI, prognostic index; sCD163, soluble CD163; SIRS, systemic inflammatory syndrome response; sRAGE, soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products; SS, spontaneous survivor; WD, Wilson disease.