Table 2.
Adults Survivors of Childhood Cancer with Inadequate (Intake Level < Estimated Average Requirements) or Excess Nutrient Intake (Intake > Tolerable Upper Intake) by Source
| Nutrients4 | Percent (%) of Survivors with Inadequate Nutrient Intake | Percent (%) of Survivors with Excess Nutrient Intake | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-users | Users | Non-users | Users | |||||||
| Foods Alone1 | Foods Alone2 | Foods + Supplements3 | Foods Alone1 | Foods Alone2 | Foods + Supplements3 | |||||
| n | % (95% CI) | n | % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | n | % (95% CI) | n | % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | |
| Vitamin A (RAE, μg) | 1782 | 36.4 (34.1–38.6) | 788 | 25.4 (22.3–28.4) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 1782 | 0.2 (0.005–0.4) | 788 | 0.4 (0.0–0.8) | 12.2 (9.9–14.5) |
| Thiamin (mg) | 1748 | 23.0 (21.0–25.0) | 822 | 14.8 (12.4–17.3) | 0.5 (0.0–1.0) | 1748 | --- | 822 | --- | --- |
| Riboflavin (mg) | 1748 | 11.7 (10.2–13.2) | 822 | 5.1 (3.6–6.6) | 0.2 (0.0–0.6) | 1748 | --- | 822 | --- | --- |
| Niacin (mg) | 1748 | 15.8 (14.1–17.6) | 822 | 9.4 (7.4–11.4) | 0.2 (0.0–0.6) | 1748 | --- | 822 | --- | 26.3 (23.3–29.3) |
| Vitamin B6 (mg) | 1748 | 20.2 (18.3–22.1) | 822 | 12.8 (10.5–15.1) | 0.2 (0.0–0.6) | 1748 | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 822 | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) |
| Folate (DFE, μg) | 1727 | 25.5 (23.4–27.5) | 843 | 18.4 (15.8–21.0) | 0.2 (0.0–0.6) | 1727 | 1.3 (0.7–1.8) | 843 | 0.9 (0.3–1.6) | 15.4 (13.0–17.9) |
| Vitamin B12 (μg) | 1748 | 8.3 (7.0–9.6) | 822 | 5.7 (4.1–7.3) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 1748 | --- | 822 | --- | --- |
| Vitamin C (mg) | 1660 | 39.3 (37.0–41.7) | 910 | 28.0 (25.1–30.9) | 1.9 (1.0–2.7) | 1660 | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 910 | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 1.6 (0.8–2.5) |
| Vitamin D (IU) | 1693 | 94.6 (93.5–95.6) | 877 | 92.9 (91.2–94.6) | 34.9 (31.7–38.1) | 1693 | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 877 | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) |
| Vitamin E (mg) | 1720 | 85.6 (83.9–87.2) | 850 | 82.7 (80.2–85.3) | 14.2 (11.9–16.6) | 1720 | --- | 850 | --- | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) |
| Calcium (mg) | 1694 | 51.4 (49.0–53.7) | 876 | 46.9 (43.6–50.2) | 14.5 (12.2–16.8) | 1694 | 0.9 (0.5–1.4) | 876 | 1.3 (0.5–2.0) | 5.1 (3.7–6.6) |
| Selenium (μg) | 1803 | 9.5 (8.1–10.8) | 767 | 5.3 (3.8–6.9) | 1.2 (0.4–1.9) | 1803 | 0.8 (0.4–1.2) | 767 | 0.8 (0.2–1.4) | 1.3 (0.5–2.1) |
| Iron (mg) | 1779 | 13.9 (12.3–15.5) | 791 | 10.0 (7.9–12.1) | 0.1 (0.0–0.4) | 1779 | 1.2 (0.7–1.8) | 791 | 1.1 (0.4–1.9) | 27.8 (24.7–30.9) |
| Zinc (mg) | 1790 | 28.3 (26.2–30.4) | 780 | 23.1 (20.1–26.0) | 0.3 (0.0–0.6) | 1790 | 1.0 (0.5–1.5) | 780 | 1.5 (0.7–2.4) | 18.6 (15.9–21.3) |
| Copper (mg) | 1809 | 13.8 (12.2–15.4) | 761 | 6.4 (4.7–8.2) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 1809 | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 761 | 0.1 (0.0–0.4) | 0.1 (0.0–0.4) |
| Magnesium (mg)5 | 1874 | 59.0 (56.8–61.2) | 696 | 51.1 (47.4–54.9) | 27.4 (24.1–30.8) | 1874 | --- | 696 | --- | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) |
Abbreviations: RAE, retinol activity equivalents; DFE, dietary folate equivalents
Foods alone for non-users correspond to nutrient intake obtained from food sources, representing total nutrient intake among non-users.
Foods alone for users correspond to nutrient intake obtained from food sources (foods alone) among users. After adjustments of false discovery rates, the percent of survivors with inadequate nutrient intake based on foods alone was significantly lower among users than non-users (all P-values were < 0.05); the percent of survivors with excess nutrient intake based on foods alone did not differ between users and non-users (all P-values were >0.05).
Foods + supplements for users correspond to total nutrient intake obtained from both food and supplement sources, representing total nutrient intake among users. After adjustments of false discovery rates, the percent of survivors with inadequate nutrient intake based on total nutrient intake was significantly lower among users than non-users; the percent of survivors with excess nutrient intake based on total nutrient intake was significantly higher among users than non-users (all P-values<0.0001) except for selenium (P-value = 0.07) and copper (P-value = 0.1).
UL for vitamin A applies to preformed vitamin A only; ULs for niacin and folate apply to synthetic forms obtained from supplements, fortified foods, or a combination of the two (niacin intake from fortified foods is not available in this analysis); vitamin E in this analysis was assessed as α-tocopherol and UL for vitamin E applies to any form of supplemental α-tocopherol (vitamin E intake from fortified foods is not available in this analysis); UL for magnesium represents intake from a pharmacological agent only and does not include intake from food and water; no UL is available for thiamin, riboflavin, and vitamin B12.