Table 2.
Functional status as well as questionnaire results for general HRQoL.
| Parameter | Non-ICU | ICU | p-value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3-month follow-up (N = 35) | 12-month follow-up (N = 38) | 3-month follow-up (N = 27) | 12-month follow-up (N = 30) | Non-ICU 3-month vs. 12-month follow-up | ICU 3-month vs. 12-month follow-up | ICU vs. Non-ICU 3-month follow-up | ICU vs. Non-ICU 12-month follow-up | |
| Living situation n (%) | > 0.999 | 0.2188 | 0.3328 | 05004 | ||||
| At home independent | 29 (83) | 33 (87) | 19 (70) | 24 (80) | ||||
| At home dependent | 4 (11) | 3 (8) | 6 (22) | 5 (17) | ||||
| Nursing home | 2 (6) | 2 (5) | 2 (7) | 1 (0.3) | ||||
| Change of living situation n (%) | 6 (16) | 6 (20) | 0.7501 | |||||
| Daily activities n (%) | (N = 34) | 0.7402 | 0.0151 | 0.0033 | 0.0942 | |||
| Unchanged to pre-COVID-19 | 18 (53) | 20 (53) | 4 (15) | 10 (33) | ||||
| Limited | 10 (29) | 14 (37) | 13 (48) | 15 (50) | ||||
| Severely limited | 6 (18) | 4 (12) | 10 (37) | 5 (17) | ||||
| Returned to work n (%) | 16 (46) | 18 (47) | 10 (37) | 11 (37) | > 0.999 | 0.3447 | 0.60599 | 0.3265 |
| Reason if not | (N = 18) | (N = 19) | (N = 17) | (N = 19) | ||||
| Retired | 16 (88) | 17 (89) | 10 (59) | 11 (58) | ||||
| Unemployed | 1 (6) | 0 | 0 | 1 (5) | ||||
| Disability | 1 (6) | 2 (11) | 7 (41) | 7 (37) | ||||
| Clinical frailty scale n (%) | (N = 29) | 0.2125 | 0.0339 | 0.0014 | 0.0553 | |||
| Very fit (1) | 6 (17) | 5 (13) | 0 | 2 (7) | ||||
| Well (2) | 9 (26) | 10 (26) | 2 (7) | 4 (14) | ||||
| Managing well (3) | 8 (23) | 10 (26) | 9 (33) | 6 (21) | ||||
| Vulnerable (4) | 8 (23) | 7 (18) | 5 (19) | 11 (38) | ||||
| Mildly frail (5) | 2 (6) | 1 (3) | 5 (19) | 2 (7) | ||||
| Moderately frail (6) | 1 (3) | 3 (8) | 4 (15) | 2 (7) | ||||
| Severely frail (7) | 0 | 1 (3) | 1 (4) | 1 (3) | ||||
| Very severely frail (8) | 1 (3) | 1 (3) | 1 (4) | 1 (3) | ||||
| Terminally ill (9) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
| EQ-5D-5L (score) | ||||||||
| Mobility | 1 (1–3) | 1 (1–2) | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1–3) | 0.1712 | > 0.999 | 0.3021 | 0.0155 |
| Self-care | 1 (1–1) | 1 (1–1) | 1 (1–2) | 1 (1–2) | 0.1250 | 0.8281 | 0.222 | 0.1136 |
| Usual activities | 1 (1–2) | 1 (1–2) | 2 (1–3) | 2 (2–3) | 0.7812 | > 0.999 | 0.0334 | 0.0021 |
| Pain/discomfort | 2 (1–3) | 1 (1–2) | 2 (2–3) | 2 (1–3) | 0.0774 | 0.7964 | 0.4445 | 0.061 |
| Anxiety/depression | 1 (1–3) | 1 (1–2) | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1–2) | 0.4447 | > 0.999 | 0.4671 | 0.2664 |
| EQ VAS score | 70 (60–84) | 70 (52–84) | 68 (50–80) | 65 (50–76) | 0.3357 | 0.9937 | 0.4132 | 0.1164 |
| EQ-5D-5L-index [mean ± SD] | 0.78 ± 0.33 | 0.84 ± 0.23 | 0.71 ± 0.27 | 0.74 ± 0.2 | 0.2965 | 0.7906 | 0.0511 | 0.0013 |
| PHQ-9 (score) | (N = 34) | |||||||
| Little interest or pleasure in doing things? | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–1) | ||||
| Feeling down, depressed, or hopeless? | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–1) | ||||
| Trouble falling or staying asleep, or sleeping too much? | 1 (0–2) | 1 (0–2) | 1 (0–3) | 1 (0–2) | ||||
| Tiredness, feeling of missing energy? | 1 (1–2.5) | 1 (0–2) | 1 (0–3) | 1 (0–2) | ||||
| Poor appetite or overeating? | 0 (0–0.5) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–0) | ||||
| Feeling bad about yourself — or that you are a failure or have let yourself or your family down? | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) | ||||
| Trouble concentrating on things? | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–0.5) | 1 (0–1) | ||||
| Moving or speaking so slowly that other people could have noticed? Or so fidgety or restless that you have been moving a lot more than usual? | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–1) | 1 (0–0.8) | ||||
| Thoughts that you would be better off dead, or thoughts of hurting yourself in some way? | 0 (0–0) | 1 (1–2) | 0 (0–0) | 2 (1–2) | ||||
| Total | 4 (2–7.5) | 3.5 (1–6) | 5 (1.5–9.5) | 5 (1.3–7.8) | 0.1772 | 0.7002 | 0.7156 | 0.0003 |
| Score ≥ 10 n (%) | 6 (17) | 7 (18) | 7(26) | 6 (20) | 0.4329 | 0.5944 | ||
| GAD-7 | ||||||||
| Feeling nervous, anxious, or on edge | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–1) | 0.5 (0–1) | ||||
| Not being able to stop or control worrying | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–1) | ||||
| Worrying too much about different things | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–1) | ||||
| Trouble relaxing | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–1) | ||||
| Being so restless that it's hard to sit still | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0.5) | 0 (0–0) | ||||
| Becoming easily annoyed or irritable | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–1) | ||||
| Feeling afraid as if something awful might happen | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–1) | ||||
| Total | 3 (1–6.5) | 2 (0–4) | 2 (0–4.5) | 2.5 (0–5) | 0.3544 | 0.6436 | 0.7236 | 0.6930 |
| Score ≥ 10 n (%) | 1 (3) | 0 | 4 (15) | 4 (13) | 0.0864 | 0.0203 | ||
EQ-5D-5L (European Quality of Life 5 Dimensions 5 Level Version), PHQ-9 (Patient Health Questionnaire-9) and GAD-7 (Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7) Each of the five dimensions comprising the EQ-5D is divided into five levels of perceived problems (1: indicating no problem, 2: indicating slight problems, 3: indicating moderate problems, 4: indicating severe problems, 5: indicating unable to/extreme problems). EQ-5D-5L VAS is scaled from 0 (the worst health you can imagine) to 100 (the best health you can imagine). PHQ-9 and GAD-7 are a self-report measures, whereas respondents are asked to rate each of the items on a scale of 0 to 3 based on how much a symptom has bothered them over the last 2 weeks (0: not at all, 1: several days, 2: more than half the days, 3: nearly every day). Scores for each item are added up to get a total. A PHQ-9 score ≥ 10 was utilized for detecting major depressive disorder. A GAD-7 score ≥ 10 represents a reasonable cut point for identifying cases of GAD. Results are median plus interquartile range or percentage of patients as indicated. EQ-5D-5L-index values calculated using the German value set are mean ± SD.
Significant values are in bold.