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. 2023 Apr 26;9:67. doi: 10.1038/s41531-023-00507-y

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — We screened health checkup examinees to identify potential participants using the following questionnaires: SCOPA-AUT the Japanese version of the Scale for Outcomes in Parkinson’s disease for Autonomic Symptoms, SAOQ Self-administered Odor Question, RBDSQ REM behavior disorder screening scale, BDI-II Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition, ESS Epworth Sleepiness Scale, and PASE Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly. We classified subjects who were ≥50 years old and had ≥2 abnormal scores in the SCOPA-AUT, SAOQ, and RBDSQ into the high-risk group. The cut-off value for identifying the high-risk group was 10 for SCOPA-AUT, 90.0% for SAOQ, and 5 for RBDSQ. Subjects who were ≥50 years old and had no abnormalities in all the questionnaires were classified into the low-risk group.