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. 2023 Apr 26;13:6857. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-33941-2

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Delivery of an arbitrary electrical waveform. (A) Plot depicting a bipolar, dual voltage waveform characterized by a short-duration, high-amplitude segment (V₁, t₁) followed by a long-duration, low-amplitude segment (V₂, t₂) (B) Impact of varying V₂ while t₂ = 250 µs (n = 3). (C) Impact of varying t₂ while V₂ = 4 V (n = 3). In both (B) and (C), we fix f = 66 Hz, V₁ = 21 V, and t₁ = 75 µs. Data shown as mean ± standard deviation (B,C). Some error bars are too small to be visible (B,C).