Table 2.
Patient features, resource use and occurrence of clinically relevant events in cases and controls
| Non-survivors (n = 1794) |
Survivors (n = 1794) |
p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD) | 68.5 (17.2) | 57.5 (18.4) | < 0.001 |
| Sex at birth, n (%) | 0.095 | ||
| Female | 850 (47.4%) | 901 (50.2%) | |
| Male | 944 (52.6%) | 893 (49.8%) | |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index, median [IQR] | 2 [1–6] | 1 [0–3] | < 0.001 |
| Modified Frailty Index, median [IQR] | 2 [1–3] | 1 [0–2] | < 0.001 |
| Previous hospitalization (last month), n (%) | 471 (26.3%) | 319 (17.8%) | < 0.001 |
| Pneumonia on past year, n (%) | 175 (9.8%) | 79 (4.4%) | < 0.001 |
| Episode of mental confusion on past year, n (%) | 238 (13.3%) | 116 (6.5%) | < 0.001 |
| Previously on hospice/long-term facility/homecare, n (%) | 93 (5.2%) | 39 (2.2%) | < 0.001 |
| Dependency for daily living activities, n (%) | 620 (34.6%) | 232 (12.9%) | < 0.001 |
| Known comorbidities at admission, n (%) | |||
| Dementia | 196 (10.9%) | 58 (3.2%) | < 0.001 |
| Transitory Ischemic Attack | 18 (1.0%) | 18 (1.0%) | 1.00 |
| Stroke | 174 (9.7%) | 83 (4.6%) | < 0.001 |
| Previous myocardial infarction | 137 (7.6%) | 110 (6.1%) | 0.086 |
| Angina/coronary stent | 137 (7.6%) | 129 (7.2%) | 0.656 |
| Heart failure | 221 (12.3%) | 144 (8.0%) | < 0.001 |
| Hypertension | 912 (50.8%) | 767 (42.8%) | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes, uncomplicated | 473 (26.4%) | 403 (22.5%) | 0.007 |
| Diabetes, complicated | 136 (7.6%) | 119 (6.6%) | 0.299 |
| Rheumatologic disease | 66 (3.7%) | 78 (4.3%) | 0.349 |
| Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome | 50 (2.8%) | 43 (2.4%) | 0.529 |
| Cirrhosis | 65 (3.6%) | 37 (2.1%) | 0.006 |
| Cancer | 726 (40.5%) | 453 (25.3%) | < 0.001 |
| Hospital admission | |||
| Admission typea | |||
| Medical | 1524 (84.9%) | 1524 (84.9%) | – |
| Elective surgery | 149 (8.3%) | 149 (8.3%) | – |
| Urgent surgery/trauma | 121 (6.7%) | 121 (6.7%) | – |
| Relevant diagnosis at admission | |||
| Infection | 709 (39.5%) | 538 (30.0%) | < 0.001 |
| Respiratory diagnosis | |||
| Asthma | 11 (0.6%) | 19 (1.1%) | 0.199 |
| Chronic pulmonary obstructive disease | 87 (4.8%) | 53 (3.0%) | 0.004 |
| Other chronic lung disease | 19 (1.1%) | 16 (0.9%) | 0.735 |
| Cardiac diseases | |||
| ST-elevation myocardial infarction | 31 (1.7%) | 38 (2.1%) | 0.466 |
| Non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction | 33 (1.8%) | 28 (1.6%) | 0.606 |
| Unstable angina | 18 (1.0%) | 31 (1.7%) | 0.083 |
| Angina, unspecified | 12 (0.7%) | 9 (0.5%) | 0.663 |
| Uncompensated heart failure | 137 (7.6%) | 87 (4.8%) | 0.001 |
| Deep vein thrombosis | 48 (2.7%) | 32 (1.8%) | 0.089 |
| Pulmonary thromboembolism | 27 (1.5%) | 27 (1.5%) | 1.00 |
| Neurological diseases | |||
| Ischemic stroke | 83 (4.6%) | 58 (3.2%) | 0.039 |
| Hemorrhagic stroke | 18 (1.0%) | 10 (0.6%) | 0.183 |
| Transient ischemic attack | 3 (0.2%) | 12 (0.7%) | 0.035 |
| Subarachnoid hemorrhage | 17 (0.9%) | 8 (0.4%) | 0.107 |
| Polyradiculopathy/myasthenia | 3 (0.2%) | 3 (0.2%) | 1.00 |
| Renal diseases | |||
| Acute, non-related to cirrhosis | 91 (5.1%) | 39 (2.2%) | < 0.001 |
| Chronic, not on dialysis | 75 (4.2%) | 43 (2.4%) | 0.004 |
| Chronic, needing dialysis | 31 (1.7%) | 40 (2.2%) | 0.338 |
| Abdominal diseases | |||
| Uncompensated cirrhosis | 36 (2.0%) | 20 (1.1%) | 0.042 |
| Digestive bleeding | 12 (0.7%) | 7 (0.4%) | 0.358 |
| Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis | 2 (0.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.500 |
| Hepatorenal syndrome | 3 (0.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.250 |
| Acute pancreatitis | 24 (1.3%) | 27 (1.5%) | 0.778 |
| Uncompensated diabetes | 70 (3.9%) | 61 (3.4%) | 0.477 |
| Admission for diagnostic procedures | 535 (29.8%) | 515 (28.7%) | 0.463 |
| Other | 648 (36.1%) | 640 (35.7%) | 0.808 |
| Resource use | |||
| Intensive care unit admission, n (%) | 853 (47.5%) | 340 (19%) | < 0.001 |
| Hospital length-of-stay, median [IQR] | 9 [5–19] | 6 [4–11] | < 0.001 |
| Antibiotic days of therapy, days per 1000 patients/day | 603 | 437 | < 0.001 |
| Days using antibiotics, median [IQR] | 5.5 [1.3–11] | 1 [0–6] | < 0.001 |
| Events during hospitalization | |||
| Sepsis (main definition) | 525 (29.3%) | 232 (12.9%) | |
| Up to 2 days from admission | 383 (21.3%) | 198 (11%) | < 0.001 |
| After 2 days from admission | 311 (17.3%) | 77 (4.3%) | < 0.001 |
| Stroke | 65 (3.6%) | 28 (1.6%) | < 0.001 |
| Coronary syndromeb,c | 80 (4.5%) | 42 (2.3%) | 0.001 |
| Acute severe hypertensive episode | 228 (12.7%) | 133 (7.4%) | < 0.001 |
| Fall | 63 (3.5%) | 20 (1.1%) | < 0.001 |
| Seizure | 93 (5.2%) | 34 (1.9%) | < 0.001 |
| Pulmonary thromboembolism | 40 (2.2%) | 11 (0.6%) | < 0.001 |
| Bronchospasm | 118 (6.6%) | 27 (1.5%) | < 0.001 |
| Digestive bleeding | 122 (6.8%) | 27 (1.5%) | < 0.001 |
| Severe paind | 138 (7.7%) | 76 (4.2%) | < 0.001 |
aMatching variable
bST-elevation myocardial infarction
cNon-ST-elevation myocardial infarction
dPain episode that required more than 2 rescues or new diagnostic procedure