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. 2023 Apr 13;17:1135559. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1135559

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Copyright © 2023 Hall, Willis, Rodriguez and Schwarz.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Proposed model of the association between maternal immune activation (MIA) and neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). Blue boxes represent human pathogens and outcomes related to MIA. Green boxes represent rodent immunogens and outcomes related to MIA. Orange boxes represent factors that should be considered in rodent models of MIA and their relevance for human NDDs. Dark orange boxes represent factors that are related to the gestational immune response, whereas light orange boxes represent factors that are related to the immune response both during gestation and in postnatal offspring.