TABLE 1.
Characteristics of patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH) diagnosed with COVID-19
|
Jan 2020 to Dec 2021
(n=139) |
Jan 2022 to Oct 2022
(n=253) |
p-value | |
| Age, years | 73 (55, 80) | 64 (49, 78) | 0.0064 |
| Age ≥65 years | 90 (64.7%) | 125 (49.4%) | 0.0049 |
| Female | 97 (69.8%) | 163 (64.4%) | 0.3361 |
| BMI, kg·m−2 | 27.8 (23.5, 31.5) | 27.2 (23.0, 31.6) | 0.8854 |
| Interval between PH diagnosis and COVID-19, months | 55 (20, 104) | 62 (26, 107) | <0.0001 |
| Type of PH | 0.0715 | ||
| Group 1 | 89 (64.0%) | 170 (67.2%) | |
| Group 2 | 15 (10.8%) | 14 (5.5%) | |
| Group 3 | 10 (7.2%) | 19 (7.5%) | |
| Group 4 | 25 (18.0%) | 41 (16.2%) | |
| Group 5 | 0 (0%) | 9 (3.6%) | |
| 6MWD, m | 310 (218, 401) | 401 (300, 480) | <0.0001 |
| WHO FC III/IV | 104 (74.8%) | 141 (57.1%) | 0.0008 |
| NT-proBNP, ng·L−1 | 587 (183, 2502) | 400 (156, 1228) | <0.0001 |
| Haemodynamics | |||
| RAP, mmHg | 8 (5, 11) | 7 (4, 10) | 0.3088 |
| mPAP, mmHg | 41 (33, 51) | 43 (34, 54) | 0.2454 |
| PAWP, mmHg | 10 (8, 13) | 10 (7, 13) | 0.1534 |
| Cardiac index, L·min−1·m−2 | 2.2 (1.8, 2.8) | 2.3 (1.8, 2.8) | 0.9111 |
| PVR, WU | 7.3 (5.4, 10.3) | 8.2 (4.9, 11.4) | 0.4732 |
| SvO2, % | 66 (60, 70) | 65 (60, 70) | 0.8395 |
| Comorbidities and risk factors | |||
| Smoking history | 33 (46.5%) | 74 (46.8%) | 1.0000 |
| Arterial hypertension | 76 (61.8%) | 120 (51.7%) | 0.0887 |
| Coronary heart disease | 29 (23.8%) | 33 (14.5%) | 0.0450 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 31 (5.6%) | 37 (16.4%) | 0.0566 |
| Obesity (BMI ≥30 kg·m−2) | 55 (40.7%) | 82 (32.5%) | 0.1346 |
| PH therapy and anticoagulants | |||
| PDE5i | 89 (64.0%) | 171 (67.6%) | 0.5473 |
| sGCs | 33 (23.7%) | 53 (20.9%) | 0.6090 |
| ERA | 67 (48.2%) | 128 (50.6%) | 0.7283 |
| PPA | 18 (12.9%) | 42 (16.6%) | 0.4157 |
| Monotherapy | 74 (53.2%) | 126 (49.8%) | 0.5856 |
| Dual combination | 41 (29.5%) | 77 (30.4%) | 0.9373 |
| Triple combination | 17 (12.2%) | 35 (13.8%) | 0.7701 |
| Anticoagulants | 74 (53.2%) | 142 (56.1%) | 0.7971 |
Categorical data are shown as n (%) of the respective population. Continuous data are depicted as median and first and third quartile (Q1, Q3). Values shown are from the last documented visits before the COVID-19 diagnosis except haemodynamic variables and comorbidities, which were obtained at PH diagnosis. When more than one infection occurred in an individual during one period (n=3), only the first one was considered. Patients who had COVID-19 in both periods (n=8) were counted once in each period. BMI: body mass index; 6MWD: 6-min walking distance; WHO FC: World Health Organization functional class; NT-proBNP: N-terminal fragment of pro-brain natriuretic peptide; RAP: right atrial pressure; mPAP: mean pulmonary arterial pressure; PAWP: pulmonary arterial wedge pressure; PVR: pulmonary vascular resistance; WU: Wood units; SvO2, mixed venous oxygen saturation; PDE5i: phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors; sGCs: stimulator of soluble guanylate cyclase; ERA: endothelin receptor antagonists; PPA: prostacyclin pathway agents.