Figure 1. The alteration of all organisms (bacteria, fungi and phages) involved in sepsis and gut immunity.

Sepsis induces intestinal immunity defects, through intestinal hypoperfusion (vasodilatation and cardiomyopathy), immune cell apoptosis, the stress hormone (corticotropin)/enteric neuron-induced immune responses, and systemic inflammation, inducing gut dysbiosis (left side). In parallel, sepsis-induced gut dysbiosis, caused by intestinal immunity defect, antibiotics and alteration in fungi and phages, facilitates gut translocation of microbial molecules or viable organisms (leaky gut) causing systemic inflammation (right side) that worsen gut integrity and induce gut dysbiosis as a vicious cycle. Picture is created by BioRender.com.