Table. Baseline Characteristics by Number of Heart Failure (HF) Events.
| Characteristic | HF events, No. (%) | P value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| None (n = 5441) | 1 (n = 531) | ≥2 (n = 291) | ||
| Age, mean (SD), y | 71.6 (9.5) | 71.5 (9.6) | 72.9 (10.1) | .06 |
| Gender | ||||
| Women | 2416 (44.4) | 216 (40.7) | 115 (39.5) | .08 |
| Men | 3025 (55.6) | 315 (59.3) | 176 (60.5) | |
| Racea | ||||
| Asian | 1105 (20.3) | 102 (19.2) | 67 (23.0) | <.001 |
| Black or African American | 130 (2.4) | 15 (2.8) | 14 (4.8) | |
| White | 3829 (70.4) | 402 (75.7) | 208 (71.5) | |
| Other race | 377 (6.9) | 12 (2.3) | 2 (0.7) | |
| Geographic region | ||||
| Europe and Saudi Arabia | 2595 (47.7) | 266 (50.1) | 144 (49.5) | <.001 |
| Asia | 1064 (19.6) | 98 (18.5) | 64 (22.0) | |
| Latin America | 1099 (20.2) | 66 (12.4) | 16 (5.5) | |
| North America | 683 (12.6) | 101 (19.0) | 67 (23.0) | |
| Physiological measures | ||||
| Systolic blood pressure, mean (SD), mm Hg | 128.2 (15.2) | 127.8 (15.8) | 128.8 (17.3) | .66 |
| Heart rate, mean (SD), beats per minute | 71.2 (11.7) | 73.1 (11.8) | 73.3 (12.2) | <.001 |
| Body mass index, mean (SD)b | 29.7 (6.0) | 30.3 (6.5) | 31.2 (6.4) | <.001 |
| NT-proBNP, median (IQR), pg/mL | 961 (602-1644) | 1433 (800-2695) | 1500 (839-2618) | <.001 |
| Hemoglobin A1c, mean (SD), % | 6.6 (1.4) | 6.7 (1.5) | 6.9 (1.6) | <.001 |
| Creatinine, mean (SD), mg/dL | 101.0 (30.2) | 109.4 (34.2) | 116.5 (35.5) | <.001 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 61.7 (19.0) | 57.9 (20.0) | 53.6 (18.9) | <.001 |
| <60 | 2586 (47.5) | 296 (55.7) | 188 (64.6) | <.001 |
| ≥60 | 2854 (52.5) | 235 (44.3) | 103 (35.4) | |
| HF-related characteristics | ||||
| Prior LVEF measurement ≤40% | 990 (18.2) | 107 (20.2) | 54 (18.6) | .54 |
| Randomized during or within 30 d of a HF hospitalization | 497 (9.1) | 96 (18.1) | 61 (21.0) | <.001 |
| Duration of HF | ||||
| 0-3 mo | 497 (9.1) | 51 (9.6) | 20 (6.9) | .02 |
| >3-6 mo | 536 (9.9) | 40 (7.5) | 16 (5.5) | |
| >6-12 mo | 747 (13.7) | 58 (10.9) | 37 (12.7) | |
| >1-2 y | 859 (15.8) | 80 (15.1) | 56 (19.2) | |
| >2-5 y | 1363 (25.1) | 132 (24.9) | 74 (25.4) | |
| >5 y | 1434 (26.4) | 170 (32.0) | 88 (30.2) | |
| LVEF, mean (SD), % | 54.2 (8.8) | 53.9 (8.7) | 53.5 (8.4) | .26 |
| LVE, % | ||||
| ≤49 | 1822 (33.5) | 189 (35.6) | 105 (36.1) | .65 |
| 50-59 | 1965 (36.1) | 184 (34.7) | 107 (36.8) | |
| ≥60 | 1654 (30.4) | 158 (29.8) | 79 (27.1) | |
| NYHA class | ||||
| I, II | 4169 (76.6) | 355 (66.8) | 190 (65.3) | <.001 |
| III, IV | 1272 (23.4) | 176 (33.2) | 101 (34.7) | |
| KCCQ, median (IQR) | ||||
| Total symptom score | 72.9 (56.3-88.5) | 67.7 (50.0-83.3) | 66.7 (46.9-83.3) | <.001 |
| Clinical summary score | 71.1 (55.6-85.4) | 65.3 (47.9-80.0) | 65.3 (47.2-79.9) | <.001 |
| Overall summary score | 69.2 (53.8-83.3) | 63.8 (47.1-77.9) | 62.5 (45.0-80.0) | <.001 |
| Medical history | ||||
| Hospitalization for HF | 2071 (38.1) | 289 (54.4) | 179 (61.5) | <.001 |
| Atrial fibrillation/flutter | 3023 (55.6) | 339 (63.8) | 190 (65.3) | <.001 |
| Stroke | 497 (9.1) | 60 (11.3) | 40 (13.7) | .01 |
| Angina | 1302 (23.9) | 126 (23.7) | 69 (23.7) | .99 |
| Myocardial infarction | 1416 (26.0) | 142 (26.7) | 81 (27.8) | .75 |
| Hypertension | 4813 (88.5) | 476 (89.6) | 264 (90.7) | .38 |
| Type 2 diabetes | 2370 (43.6) | 276 (52.0) | 160 (55.0) | <.001 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 554 (10.2) | 96 (18.1) | 42 (14.4) | <.001 |
| Treatment | ||||
| Loop diuretic | 4086 (75.1) | 466 (87.8) | 259 (89.3) | <.001 |
| Other diuretic (excluding loop and MRA) | 1212 (22.3) | 77 (14.5) | 54 (18.6) | <.001 |
| ACEI/ARB | 3976 (73.1) | 380 (71.6) | 187 (64.5) | .005 |
| ARNI | 250 (4.6) | 29 (5.5) | 22 (7.6) | .05 |
| β-Blocker | 4521 (83.1) | 421 (79.3) | 235 (81.0) | .06 |
| MRA | 2321 (42.7) | 232 (43.7) | 114 (39.3) | .46 |
| Digoxin | 252 (4.6) | 28 (5.3) | 16 (5.5) | .65 |
| Antiplatelet | 2310 (42.5) | 194 (36.5) | 126 (43.4) | .03 |
| Anticoagulant | 2881 (53.0) | 325 (61.2) | 176 (60.7) | <.001 |
| Pacemaker | 554 (10.2) | 57 (10.7) | 51 (17.5) | <.001 |
| CRT-P/CRT-D | 84 (1.5) | 6 (1.1) | 10 (3.4) | .03 |
| ICD/CRT-D | 136 (2.5) | 21 (4.0) | 11 (3.8) | .07 |
Abbreviations: ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; ARNI, angiotensin receptor–neprilysin inhibitor; CRT-D, cardiac resynchronisation therapy–defibrillator; CRT-P, cardiac resynchronisation therapy–pacemaker; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ICD, implantable cardioverter defibrillator; KCCQ, Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro–B-type natriuretic peptide level; NYHA, New York Heart Association.
SI conversion factor: To convert creatinine to µmol/L, multiply by 88.4.
Patients were assigned a race subgroup on the case report form based on their self-identification. The prespecified groups were American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian, Black or African American, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, White, or other race, in accordance with US Food and Drug Administration guidance.
Calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared.