Table 1.

Summary of Key Findings From Included Articles.

Source	Key findings	Potential contribution to burnout
		Documentation	Usability	Cognitive load	Time demands	Electronic messaging
Berg, 2022 14	Simplified logins reduce fatigue.		X
Melnick et al, 2020 15	EHR usability correlates with burnout.		X
Murphy et al, 2019 16	EHR usability is often suboptimal.		X
Rodriguez Torres et al, 2017 17	EHR documentation for ophthalmology residents affected by usability.		X
Sinsky and Privitera, 2018 18	Increased workload with EHR use.		X
Street et al, 2014 19	Less effective communication during patient visits from EHR activity.		X
Coleman et al, 2015 20	Survey of Wisconsin physicians showing perceived benefits and disadvantages of EMR use.	X			X
Eschenroeder et al, 2021 21	Survey data showing correlation between after-hours EMR use and burnout.				X
Kroth et al, 2018 22	Qualitative analysis from focus groups documents perceived benefits and stressors of EMR use.				X
Linzer et al, 2016 23	Survey of GIM providers documents varying stress and burnout associated with EMR.				X
Adler-Milstein et al, 2020 24	Combined survey data and EHR log files showed that EHR message volume correlates with burnout.				X	X
Arndt et al, 2017 25	Retrospective cohort study showing PCPs spend more than half of work day interacting with EHR.				X	X
Hilliard et al, 2020 26	Data from clinician survey and EHR data showing high volumes of patient call messages are associated with clinician burnout.					X
Johnson et al, 2021 27	Review article of history of EMR use and burnout.	X				X
Lieu et al, 2019 28	Interviews with PCPs show new stressors from volume of electronic messages and patient expectations.					X
Murphy et al, 2016 29	Data reviewed from EHR logs showed large volume of information being communicated to PCPs.					X
Tran et al, 2019 30	Cross-sectional study of EHR use and PCP self-reported burnout showed correlation of burnout with inbox demands.					X
Akbar et al, 2021 31	Inbox time mostly from patient messages.					X
Downing et al, 2018 32	EHR contributes to increased documentation.	X
Colicchio et al, 2019 33	Unintended consequences of EHR systems.	X
Cusack et al, 2013 34	AIMA policy statement to improve EHR documentation burdens.	X
Gardner et al, 2019 35	HIT stress is common and independently predictive of burnout symptoms.	X			X
Koopman et al, 2015 36	More information in ambulatory clinic notes than necessary after EHR implementation.	X
Kroth et al, 2019 37	EHR design and use factors are associated with clinician stress and burnout.	X
Sinsky et al, 2016 38	EHR associated with increased clerical work beyond face-to-face clinic time.	X
Marckini et al, 2019 39	Clerical burden exacerbates physician burnout.	X
Babbott et al, 2014 40	Physician stress associated with moderate number of EMR functions.			X
Feblowitz et al, 2011 41	Cognitive skills needed by clinicians in practice of medicine.			X
Holden, 2011 42	Interview data found improvements and decrements in cognitive performance.			X
Hysong et al, 2010 43	PCPs from tertiary care VA had varying strategies to manage EMR alerts.			X
Hysong et al, 2011 44	Providers feel they receive large number of alerts many of which perceived to be unnecessary.			X
Murphy et al, 2012 45	PCPs receive large number of EHR alerts and spend significant time with processing.			X
Patel et al, 2000 46	Technology influences cognitive behavior.			X
Pfaff et al, 2021 47	EHR impairs ability of clinicians to see big picture.			X
Gregory et al, 2017 48	Alerts contribute to cognitive load.			X
Harris Poll 13	Doctors see value in EHRs, but want substantial improvements.		X		X