Table 3.
Factors associated with improvement in LVEF postupgrade
| Univariate |
Multivariate |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LVEF increase (%) | 95% CI (%) | P Value | LVEF increase (%) | 95% CI (%) | P Value | |
| Female | 0.30 | –5.76 to 6.29 | .93 | |||
| Age | –0.22 | –0.47 to 0.03 | .08 | –0.18 | –0.43 to 0.08 | .18 |
| Coronary artery disease | –0.21 | –5.74 to 5.33 | .94 | |||
| Atrial fibrillation | 0.67 | –4.86 to 6.20 | .81 | |||
| Clinical heart failure | 7.45 | –0.86 to 15.76 | .08 | |||
| Beta-blocker use | 0.71 | –6.39 to 7.82 | .84 | |||
| ACE inhibitor or ARB use | 7.16 | 1.42 to 12.91 | .02 | 7.21 | –0.10 to 14.53 | .05 |
| MRA use | 7.54 | 2.33 to 12.74 | .01 | 4.51 | –1.57 to 10.59 | .14 |
| Loop diuretic use | 0.89 | –4.91 to 6.69 | .76 | |||
| Pacemaker indication—complete heart block | –3.87 | –12.42 to 4.68 | .37 | |||
| CRT defibrillator implantation | 3.49 | –2.75 to 9.74 | .27 | |||
| Right ventricular pacing percentage | –0.05 | –0.08 to 0.17 | .46 | |||
| LBBB | –1.64 | –9.61 to 6.33 | .68 | |||
| RBBB | 7.63 | –1.59 to 16.85 | .10 | |||
| Time to PICM | –0.01 | –0.04 to 0.02 | .64 | |||
| Time from PICM to upgrade | –0.43 | –1.22 to 0.36 | .27 | |||
| Need for venuloplasty during upgrade | 2.50 | –4.00 to 9.00 | .44 | |||
| Native QRS | 0.01 | –0.14 to 0.16 | .90 | |||
| Preupgrade paced QRS | 0.06 | –0.05 to 0.18 | .26 | |||
| Postupgrade paced QRS | –0.06 | –0.17 to 0.06 | .30 | |||
| Change in QRS postupgrade | –0.06 | –0.18 to 0.05 | .28 | |||
| Preupgrade EF | –0.42 | –0.72 to –0.11 | .01 | –0.26 | –0.65 to 0.13 | 0.18 |
| Preupgrade LVIDd | 2.31 | –1.15 to 5.77 | .18 | |||
| RV septal lead placement | 2.71 | 0.23 to 32.34 | .43 | |||
ACE = angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB = angiotensin receptor blocker; CI = confidence interval; CRT = cardiac resynchronization therapy; EF = ejection fraction; LBBB = left bundle branch block; LVEF = left ventricular ejection fraction; LVIDd = left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; MRA = mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; PICM = pacing-induced cardiomyopathy; RBBB = right bundle branch block; RV = right ventricular.