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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Apr 27.
Published in final edited form as: ACS Nano. 2021 Aug 6;15(10):15741–15753. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.0c09553

Figure 3.

Figure 3.

(A) Elevated intracellular ROS levels in microglia cells treated with SQV, EFV, DRV, DTG, EVG, or the nanoformulations T-SQV-NP, T-EFV-NP, T-DRV-NP, T-DTG-NP, and T-EVG-NP at a concentration of 1.0 μM for 24 h. (B) Inflammatory responses by the microglia cells by measuring the excretion of IL-1β in the media when these cells were treated with SQV, EFV, DRV, DTG, EVG, or the nanoformulations T-SQV-NP, T-EFV-NP, T-DRV-NP, T-DTG-NP, and T-EVG-NP at a concentration of 1.0 μM for 24 h. Effects of (C) cocaine and (D) meth on mitochondrial basal respiration, maximal respiration, and ATP production as determined by Seahorse MitoStress analyses in microglia cells. The abuse drug concentration was varied from 0 to 500 μM, and cells were treated for 24 h.