Table 2.
Summary statistics and comparisons of demographic, premorbid, and clinical characteristics of the adapted outcome groups, stratified by outcome group.
| Total sample (n = 207) | ECR (n = 61, 29%) | P-ECR (n = 49, 24%) | No-ECR (n = 97, 47%) | ANOVA/Kruskal_Wallis**/chi-square* analyses | Post hoc | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F(x 2*) | df | p | ||||||
| Gender (male), n (%) | 124 (60) | 31 (50.8) | 25 (51.0) | 68 (70.1) | 7.91* | 2 | 0.019 | ECR, P-ECR < no-ECR |
| Age, years: mean (SD) | 27.2 (7.7) | 27.3 (7.9) | 25.6 (6.2) | 27.9 (8.3) | 1.40 | 2 | 0.248 | n.s. |
| Age of onset, years: mean (SD) | 24.0 (7.4) | 25.0 (7.5) | 22.9 (7.0) | 23.9 (7.4) | 1.134 | 2 | 0.324 | n.s. |
| Years of education: mean (SD) | 13.2 (2.9) | 14.4 (2.8) | 12.8 (2.7) | 12.7 (2.9) | 7.326 | 2 | <0.001 | ECR > P-ECR, no-ECR |
| BMI: mean (SD) | 24.51 (4.2) | 24.33 (4.2) | 24.22 (3.6) | 24.77 (4.6) | 0.339 | 2 | 0.713 | n.s. |
| Current relationship, yes (%) | 38 (18.4) | 15 (24.6) | 5 (10.2) | 18 (18.6) | 3.76* | 2 | 0.153 | n.s. |
| PAS social childhood, mean (SD) | 1.16 (1.4) | 0.79 (1.0) | 0.88 (1.1) | 1.55 (1.6) | 7.28 W | 2 | 0.001 | ECR, P-ECR < no-ECR |
| PAS academic childhood, mean (SD) | 1.60 (1.3) | 1.33 (1.0) | 1.43 (1.4) | 1.86 (1.3) | 3.97 | 2 | 0.021 | ECR < (P-ECR) < no-ECR |
| Baseline diagnosis (schizophrenia), n (%) | 107 (51.7) | 19 (31.1) | 19 (38.8) | 69 (71.1) | 30.4* | 6 | <0.001 | ECR, P-ECR < no-ECR |
| DUP (log) median (range) | 32 (1300) | 8 (1008) | 32 (779) | 60 (1300) | 24.97** | 2 | <0.001 | ECR < P-ECR, no-ECR |
| GFS: mean (SD) | 53.4 (15.0) | 70.1 (9.0) | 52.4 (12.3) | 43.4 (8.8) | 167.31 W | 2 | <0.001 | ECR > P-ECR > no-ECR |
| PANSS positive: mean (SD) | 2.48 (1.0) | 1.86 (0.8) | 2.39 (0.9) | 2.90 (1.0) | 24.85 | 2 | <0.001 | ECR < P-ECR < no-ECR |
| PANSS negative: mean (SD) | 2.06 (0.9) | 1.67 (0.7) | 2.11 (1.0) | 2.29 (0.9) | 11.27 W | 2 | <0.001 | ECR < P-ECR, no-ECR |
| PANSS disorganized: mean (SD) | 1.82 (0.8) | 1.44 (0.5) | 1.79 (0.7) | 2.07 (0.9) | 16.03 W | 2 | <0.001 | ECR < P-ECR, no-ECR |
| PANSS depressive: mean (SD) | 2.84 (1.0) | 2.60 (1.0) | 2.63 (1.0) | 3.09 (0.9) | 6.42 | 2 | 0.002 | ECR, P-ECR < no-ECR |
| PANSS excited: mean (SD) | 1.39 (0.5) | 1.24 (0.4) | 1.37 (0.4) | 1.49 (0.5) | 6.07 W | 2 | 0.003 | ECR < (P-ECR) < no-ECR |
| AUDIT, median (range) | 5.0 (33) | 5.0 (24) | 5.0 (33) | 4.0 (33) | 1.890** | 2 | 0.389 | n.s. |
| DUDIT, median (range) | 0.0 (37) | 0.0 (29) | 2.5 (37) | 0.0 (37) | 7.597** | 2 | 0.022 | ECR < P-ECR, (no-ECR) |
Note: */** Continuous variables were compared across groups using one-way ANOVAs with Tukey post hoc tests, and categorical variables were compared across groups using chi-squared tests with Bonferroni corrections. For continuous variables, Levene’s test of homogeneity of variances was performed and consequently, Welch test assuming unequal variances was used for variables where the p-value of Levenes’ homogeneity test < 0.05. Kruskal–Wallis tests were performed for nonparametric continuous variables.
Abbreviations: AUDIT, Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test; BMI, body mass index; DUDIT, Drug Use Disorders Identification Test; DUP, duration of untreated psychosis; ECR, early clinical recovery; GFS, Global Functioning Scale; n.s., non-significant; no-ECR, no early clinical recovery; PAS, Premorbid Adjustment Scale; PANSS, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; P-ECR, partial early clinical recovery.