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. 2023 Apr 26;14:107. doi: 10.1186/s13287-023-03345-0

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Wound types, skin structure, and wound healing phases. a Different wound types, mainly including infectious, diabetic, tumor, pressure, burn, and other wounds, such as trauma, radiation, drug-induced, ischemia and venous congestion wounds. b The skin structure consists of three layers, the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. The epidermis is primarily composed of keratinocytes, melanocytes, and Langerhans cells, contributing to a natural barrier against foreign objects. The dermis is a region rich in fibroblasts and immune cells, as well as collagen fibers, elastic fibers, reticular fibers, nerve endings, and capillaries, for maintaining the density and tightness of skin structure. The underlying hypodermis consists of adipocytes and connective tissue, which is conducive to warmth, cushioning, and reduction of mechanical stress. c The phase of wound healing is temporally overlapping and interdependent, including hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and tissue remodeling. Fibroblasts, keratinocytes, and immune cells are important skin cells in wound healing phases. In this figure was partly generated using Servier Medical Art (https://smart.servier.com), provided by Servier, licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 unported license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)