Table 1.
The expression patterns, mechanisms, and clinical values of MSC-exos in wound healing
| Exosomal substance | Sample source | Expression | Mechanisms | Clinical values | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| miR-21-5p | miR-21-5p-modified ADSC-exos | Overexpression | Promoted proliferation and migration of KCs via Wnt/β-catenin signaling | A cell-free therapy for wound healing treatment | [28] |
| miR-146a | miR-146a-modified ADSC-exos | Overexpression | Promoted the mobility and proliferation of fibroblasts with up-regulation of SERPINH1 and p-ERK | A novel target for wound healing | [29] |
| miR-378 | ADSC-exos | Up-regulation | Decreased oxidative stress injury in HaCaT cells by targeting caspase-3 | A protective strategy in wound healing | [30] |
| miR-125a-3p | miR-125a-3p-modified ADSC-exos | Overexpression | Promoted angiogenesis of wound healing via PTEN inhibition | A specific thought for the remedy of tissue repair | [31] |
| miR-126-3p | miR-126-3p-modified ADSC-exos | Overexpression | Increased collagen deposition and angiogenesis by inhibiting PIK3R2 | A new therapeutic target for skin reconstruction | [33] |
| miR-21 | ADSC-exos; miR-21-modified hUC-MSC-exos | Up-regulation; overexpression | Promoted MMP-9 and inhibit TIMP-2 by activating PI3K/AKT to promote proliferation and migration of HaCaT; promoted corneal EC proliferation and migration by up-regulating PI3K/AKT/PTEN | A potential target for promoting wound healing and corneal epithelium integrity | [34, 61] |
| linc00511 | linc00511-modified ADSC-exos | Overexpression | Facilitated angiogenesis by inhibiting PAQR3-induced degradation of Twist1 ubiquitination | A basis for promoting DFU healing | [35] |
| lncRNA H19 | lncRNA H19-modified ADSC-exos and BMSC-exos | Overexpression | Up-regulated SOX9 expression via miR-19b to activate Wnt/β-catenin to promote proliferation, migration and invasion of fibroblasts; prevented apoptosis and inflammation of fibroblasts by inhibiting miR-152-3p/PTEN axis | A potential target for accelerating wound healing, including DFU | [36, 56] |
| lncRNA XIST | ADSC-exos | Up-regulation | Facilitated fibroblast proliferation and migration via suppressing miR-96-5p and promoted DDR2 expression | A perfect target for wound healing | [37] |
| lncRNA MALAT1 | ADSC-exos | Up-regulation | Promoted HaCaT and fibroblast proliferation, migration by activating Wnt/β-catenin via binding miR-124 and inhibited apoptosis via miR-378a/FGF2 | A therapeutic target for promoting cutaneous wound healing | [39, 40] |
| mmu_circ_0000250 | mmu_circ_0000250-modified ADSC-exos | Overexpression | Increased angiopoiesis through enhancing SIRT1 expression by miR-128-3p absorption | A target for diabetic wound healing | [41] |
| mmu_circ_0001052 | mmu_circ_0001052-modified ADSC-exos | Overexpression | Promoted angiogenesis through miR-106a-5p and FGF4/p38MAPK pathway | A potential target of DFU treatment | [42] |
| Nrf2 | Nrf2-modified ADSC-exos | Overexpression | Suppressed ROS and inflammatory cytokine expression | Facilitating DFU wound healing | [43] |
| EGR-1 | ADSC-exos | Up-regulation | Increased angiogenesis by regulating EGR-1/lncRNA-SENCR/DKC1/VEGF-A axis | Accelerating wound healing process | [44] |
| miR-126 | DFO-pretreated BMSC-exos; miR-126-modified BMSC-exos | Up-regulation; overexpression | Enhanced angiogenesis via down-regulating PTEN expression to activate the PI3K/AKT pathway; promoted HUVEC angiogenesis by targeting PIK3R2/PI3K/AKT pathway | Promoting normal and diabetic wound healing | [46, 52] |
| miR-221-3p | ATV-pretreated BMSC-exos | Up-regulation | Enhanced angiogenesis by stimulating the activation of AKT/eNOS pathway | A promising treatment for wound closure | [47] |
| miR-93-3p | BMSC-exos | Up-regulation | Promoted migration of HaCaT cells by targeting miR-93-3p/APAF1 axis | A promising target for wound healing | [50] |
| miR-155 | miR-155-inhibitor-loaded BMSC-exos | Down-regulation | Suppressed FGF-7 and promoted inflammatory effect | Promoting diabetic wound healing | [51] |
| miR-223 | miR-223-modified BMSC-exos | Overexpression | Modulated the M2 polarization phenotype by targeting pknox1 | A potential target for wound healing | [53] |
| lncRNA KLF3-AS1 | lncRNA KLF3-AS1-modified BMSC-exos | Overexpression | Boosted angiogenesis by down-regulating miR-383 | Promoting diabetic skin wound healing | [54] |
| lncRNA HOTAIR | lncRNA HOTAIR-modified BMSC-exos | Overexpression | Enhanced fibroblasts proliferation and migration | A new target toward diabetic wound repair | [55] |
| agomiR-125b | hUC-MSC-exos | Overexpression | Alleviated hypoxia-induced cell apoptosis mediated by exosomal miR-125b/TP53INP1 | A powerful strategy for promoting skin injury | [59] |
| miR-135b-5p, miR-499a-3p | 455-nm blue light exposure hUC-MSC-exos | Up-regulation | Increased angiogenic ability via stimulating ECs | A potent tool for tissue repair and regeneration | [60] |
| miR-150-5p | miR-150-5p-modified hUC-MSC-exos | Overexpression | Promoted proliferation and migration of HaCaT cells via activating PI3K/AKT pathway through PTEN | A novel strategy to improve tissue wound healing | [62] |
| miR-21-5p, miR-125b-5p | miR-21-5p-modified hUCB-MSC-exos, miR-125b-5p-modified hUCB-MSC-exos | Overexpression | Inhibited myofibroblast differentiation via the TGF-β signaling pathway | A strategy to prevent scar formation during wound healing process | [63] |
| Wnt11 | DIM-induced hUC-MSC-exos | Overexpression | Increased collagen I/III expression via Wnt11/β-catenin autocrine signaling activation | For healing of deep second-degree burn injury | [64] |
| miR-762 | iPSC-KC-exos | Up-regulation | Targeted ITGB1 to modulate EC and KC migration | For deep second-degree burns | [70] |
| agomiR-425-5p, agomiR-142-3p | EPSC-exos | Overexpression | Inhibited myofibroblasts differentiation via TGF-β1 inhibition | Reducing scar in wound healing process | [73] |
| DMBT1 | USC-exos | Up-regulation | Promoted angiogenic effect | Promoting diabetic wound healing | [76] |
| miR-135a | miR-135a-modified hAMSC-exos | Overexpression | Suppressed LATS2 levels to increase fibroblast migration | A superior candidate for cutaneous wound regeneration | [83] |
| let-7-5p, miR-21-5p, miR-22-3p, miR-27a-3p, miR-23a-3p | hAFSC-exos | Up-regulation | Suppressed myofibroblast differentiation via inhibiting TGF-β | Hair follicle regeneration and anti-scarring treatment | [84] |
| miR-146a-5p | hAFSC-exos | Up-regulation | Promoted ECM remodeling by down-regulating CXCR4 and SDF1 | Promoting anti-scarring healing | [85] |
| miR-200a | hESC-exos | Up-regulation | Down-regulated Keap1 to activate Nrf2 expression to rejuvenate senescent ECs | For pressure ulcer healing | [87] |
KCs keratinocytes, ECs endothelial cells, DFU diabetic foot ulcer, DFO deferoxamine, HUVECs human umbilical vein endothelial cells, ATV atorvastatin, DIM 3,3′-diindolylmethane, ITGB1 integrin subunit beta 1, ECM extracellular matrix