TABLE 1.
Clinical characteristics of the study populationa
| Characteristic | PGDM (n = 20) | Control (n = 60) | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline characteristics | |||
| Age (yr) | 34.5 (30.0–36.0) | 31.0 (29.3–34.8) | 0.073 |
| Gravidity | 1.0 (1.0–2.0) | 1.0 (1.0–2.0) | 0.095 |
| Parity | 1.0 (1.0–1.8) | 1.0 (1.0–1.0) | 0.199 |
| Duration of T2DM (month) | 24.0 (5.3–48.0) | NA | NA |
| No. (%) with PCOS | 5 (25.0) | 4 (6.7) | 0.039 |
| No. (%) with family history of diabetes | 6 (30.0) | 8 (13.3) | 0.174 |
| Anthropometrics and perinatal outcomes | |||
| Ht (cm) | 162.2 ± 6.3 | 163.8 ± 5.2 | 0.239 |
| Wt (kg) | 78.2 ± 12.0 | 71.2 ± 8.8 | 0.006 |
| Preconception wt (kg) | 64.0 ± 9.8 | 58.5 ± 7.0 | 0.007 |
| Preconception BMI (kg/m2) | 24.2 (22.1–25.5) | 21.7 (19.6–23.2) | 0.001 |
| Wt gain (kg) | 14.0 (11.3–15.4) | 12.3 (10.0–15.5) | 0.266 |
| SBP (mm Hg) | 119.0 (112.0–141.0) | 113.0 (106.5–120.8) | 0.022 |
| DBP (mm Hg) | 81.0 (75.3–90.5) | 70.5 (65.0–77.0) | <0.001 |
| No. (%) with IVF-ET | 2 (10.0) | 5 (8.3) | 1.000 |
| No. (%) with preconception glycemic control | |||
| No medication | 5 (25.0) | NA | |
| Insulin | 6 (30.0) | NA | |
| Metformin | 5 (25.0) | NA | |
| Insulin and metformin | 4 (20.0) | NA | |
| No. (%) with glycemic control in pregnancy | |||
| No medication | 1 (5.0) | NA | |
| Insulin aspart | 1 (5.0) | NA | |
| Insulin detemir | 1 (5.0) | NA | |
| Insulin aspart and insulin detemir | 13 (65.0) | NA | |
| Insulin and metformin | 4 (20.0) | NA | |
| Lactulose administration | 2 (10.0) | 4 (6.7) | 1.000 |
| Gestational wks of delivery | 38.4 (37.6–39.3) | 39.5 (38.9–40.4) | 0.001 |
| No. (%) with mode of delivery | 0.104 | ||
| Vaginal delivery | 10 (50.0) | 42 (70.0) | |
| Caesarean section | 10 (50.0) | 18 (30.0) | |
| Neonatal birth wt (g) | 3,375.0 (2,915.0–3,557.5) | 3,285.0 (3,032.5–3,600.0) | 0.807 |
| No. (%) with NICU admission | 4 (20.0) | 5 (8.3) | 0.307 |
| Biochemistry characteristics | |||
| Glucose at 0 h (mmol/L) | 8.1 (5.5–9.8) | 4.7 (4.3–5.3) | <0.001 |
| Glucose at 2 h (mmol/L) | 11.1 ± 4.0 | 6.5 ± 0.7 | <0.001 |
| Insulin at 0 h (mIU/mL) | 10.1 (7.9–13.6) | NA | NA |
| Insulin at 2 h (mIU/mL) | 57.1 (36.4–75.7) | NA | NA |
| FBG in first trimester (mmol/L) | 5.8 (5.4–6.4) | 4.7 (4.3–4.9) | <0.001 |
| GA in first trimester (mmol/L) | 15.2 (14.6–16.2) | 13.4 (12.8–14.2) | <0.001 |
| HbA1c in first trimester (%) | 6.0 (5.6–6.2) | NA | NA |
| FBG in second trimester (mmol/L) | 5.7 (5.1–6.0) | 4.5 (4.1–4.7) | <0.001 |
| GA in second trimester (mmol/L) | 14.3 (13.5–15.2) | 13.2 (12.3–13.6) | <0.001 |
| FBG in third trimester (mmol/L) | 5.7 (4.9–6.4) | 4.7 (4.2–5.0) | <0.001 |
| GA in third trimester (mmol/L) | 13.4 ± 2.5 | 12.7 ± 1.0 | 0.014 |
| ALT (U/L) | 15.5 (11.0–18.5) | 14.0 (10.3–19.0) | 0.709 |
| ALB (g/L) | 44.0 (42.1–44.8) | 43.5 (42.0–45.0) | 0.707 |
| Serum creatinine (μmol/L) | 50.6 ± 9.4 | 50.8 ± 6.3 | 0.873 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 4.8 ± 1.0 | 5.2 ± 1.4 | 0.262 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.8 (0.8–2.4) | 1.5 (0.8–1.9) | 0.773 |
| HDL (mmol/L) | 1.3 (1.0–1.7) | 1.8 (1.4–2.0) | 0.003 |
| LDL (mmol/L) | 2.6 ± 0.7 | 2.7 ± 0.9 | 0.805 |
| Apolipoprotein A1 (g/L) | 1.3 (1.2–1.9) | 1.9 (1.6–2.5) | 0.001 |
| Apolipoprotein B (g/L) | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 0.667 |
| Lipoprotein-a (mg/L) | 80.0 (28.5–136.7) | 161.9 (38.8–236.1) | 0.224 |
| CRP (mg/L) | 2.1 (1.4–2.7) | 2.2 (0.5–5.0) | 0.996 |
| FFA (μmol/L) | 660.1 ± 221.1 | 316.7 ± 160.1 | <0.001 |
Normally distributed continuous variables are reported as mean ± standard deviation and were analyzed using Student’s t test; other values are reported as medians with interquartile ranges and were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test. Qualitative data are presented as number (percent) and were analyzed by χ2 test or Fisher’s exact-probability test. PGDM, pregestational diabetes mellitus; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; NA, not available; PCOS, polycystic ovarian syndrome; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; IVF-ET, in vitro fertilization and embryo transplantation; NICU, neonatal intensive care unit; FBG, fasting blood glucose; GA, glycated albumin; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; ALB, serum albumin; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; HDL, high-density cholesterol; LDL, low-density cholesterol; CRP, C-reactive protein; FFA, free fatty acid.