Table 1.
Characteristics of participants ‘Baseline’ and ‘12 months’ stratified by AMD.
| Low Adherence (n = 32) | High Adherence (n = 35) | p-Value | p-Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | AMD × T | Δ | ||
| Weight (kg) | Baseline | 95.9 ± 13.8 | 93.5 ± 14.2 | 0.016 | 0.044 |
| 12 months | 93.2 ± 14.2 | 89.0 ± 13.1 | |||
| Δ | −2.7 ± 4.7 | −4.5 ± 5.7 $ | |||
| BMI (kg/m2) | Baseline | 33.6 ± 3.7 | 33.4 ± 4.2 | 0.336 | 0.049 |
| 12 months | 32.7 ± 4.1 | 31.9 ± 3.6 | |||
| Δ | −1.0 ± 1.6 | −1.6 ± 2.1 $ | |||
| Systolic BP (mmHg) |
Baseline | 137 ± 17.0 | 138 ± 17.2 | 0.390 | 0.835 |
| 12 months | 130 ± 11.7 | 131 ± 10.6 | |||
| Δ | −7.2 ± 16.2 | −7.4 ± 14.6 | |||
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | Baseline | 81.8 ± 6.7 | 82.6 ± 10.7 | 0.958 | 0.738 |
| 12 months | 78.8 ± 8.3 | 81.7 ± 6.7 | |||
| Δ | −3.0 ± 9.2 | −0.98 ± 8.2 | |||
| Glucose (mg/dL) | Baseline | 107 ± 20.8 | 116 ± 34.6 | 0.372 | 0.224 |
| 12 months | 107 ± 26.3 | 107 ± 25.7 | |||
| Δ | −0.80 ± 16.5 | −8.60 ± 21.5 | |||
| HbA1c (%) | Baseline | 5.8 ± 0.6 | 6.1 ± 1.0 | 0.024 | 0.636 |
| 12 months | 5.7 ± 0.7 | 6.0 ± 0.9 | |||
| Δ | −0.1 ± 0.5 | −0.1 ± 0.5 | |||
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | Baseline | 173 ± 62.8 | 213 ± 111 | 0.041 | 0.022 |
| 12 months | 163 ± 71.3 | 186 ± 109 | |||
| Δ | −10.0 ± 65.1 | −27.6 ± 136.0 $ | |||
| HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | Baseline | 41.1 ± 8.8 | 40.9 ± 7.4 | 0.851 | 0.349 |
| 12 months | 42.7 ± 10.9 | 42.6 ± 9.2 | |||
| Δ | 1.6 ± 7.4 | 1.7 ± 5.8 | |||
| LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | Baseline | 131 ± 29.3 | 125 ± 31.9 | 0.450 | 0.812 |
| 12 months | 120 ± 30.3 | 121 ± 37.2 | |||
| Δ | −10.6 ± 30.8 | −4.37 ± 25.0 | |||
| Cholesterol total (mg/dL) | Baseline | 209 ± 36.8 | 216 ± 60.9 | 0.810 | 0.031 |
| 12 months | 199 ± 45.2 | 202 ± 46.7 | |||
| Δ | −10.4 ± 35 | −14.9 ± 72.6 $ | |||
| AST (IU/L) | Baseline | 24.4 ± 7.1 | 26.7 ± 8.6 | 0.124 | 0.024 |
| 12 months | 22.0 ± 6.3 | 23.1 ± 6.5 | |||
| Δ | −2.5 ± 5.1 | −3.6 ± 9.0 $ | |||
| ALT (IU/L) | Baseline | 34.9 ± 19.8 | 40.6 ± 26.4 | 0.027 | 0.796 |
| 12 months | 27.7 ± 10.3 | 28.2 ± 14.6 | |||
| Δ | −7.20 ± 18.7 | −12.3 ± 21.8 | |||
| GGT (IU/L) | Baseline | 42.5 ± 23.0 | 39.4 ± 16.6 | 0.698 | 0.235 |
| 12 months | 37.7 ± 21.7 | 36.6 ± 23.8 | |||
| Δ | −4.87 ± 15.7 | −2.84 ± 22.6 | |||
| CRP (mg/dL) | Baseline | 0.5 ± 0.5 | 0.5 ± 0.6 | 0.230 | 0.006 |
| 12 months | 0.4 ± 0.4 | 0.3 ± 0.2 | |||
| Δ | −0.1 ± 0.3 | −0.2 ± 0.5 $ |
Abbreviations: BMI: Body mass index, systolic BP: systolic blood pressure; diastolic BP: diastolic blood pressure, HbA1c: Glycated haemoglobin A1c, HDL-cholesterol: high-density lipoprotein, LDL-cholesterol: low-density lipoprotein, AST: aspartate aminotransferase, ALT: alanine aminotransferase, GGT: gamma glutamyl transferase, CRP: c-reactive protein, IFC: intrahepatic fat content, SD: Standard deviation. Results are expressed as mean ± SD. Two-way analysis of co-variance (ANCOVA) was performed after adjustments by the intervention (diet and physical activity) or a Kruskal–Wallis test according to the case. t-test for unpaired data was performed on the differential data (12-month values minus reference values) or with U Mann–Whitney test according to the case. $ Difference in means according to the differential (12-month values minus baseline values). Data points in bold are significant, p < 0.05.