Table 3.
Inflammatory markers of participants ‘Baseline’ and ‘12 months’ stratified by AMD.
| Low Adherence (n = 32) | High Adherence (n = 35) | p-Value | p-Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | AMD × T | Δ | ||
| XOD (ng/mL) | Baseline | 0.4 ± 0.2 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.455 | 0.391 |
| 12 months | 0.3 ± 0.2 | 0.4 ± 0.2 | |||
| Δ | −0.1 ± 0.2 | 0.0 ± 0.2 | |||
| IL-1β (pg/mL) | Baseline | 1.3 ± 0.6 | 1.2 ± 0.5 | 0.340 | 0.704 |
| 12 months | 1.3 ± 0.5 | 1.2 ± 0.4 | |||
| Δ | 0.0 ± 0.3 | 0.0 ± 0.2 | |||
| IL-1ra (pg/mL) | Baseline | 130 ± 307 | 131 ± 126 | 0.090 | 0.054 |
| 12 months | 85.7 ± 85.9 | 90.1 ± 108 | |||
| Δ | −44.5 ± 279 | −41.3 ± 135 | |||
| IL-6 (pg/mL) | Baseline | 4.2 ± 0.4 | 4.2 ± 0.3 | 0.239 | 0.578 |
| 12 months | 4.2 ± 0.4 | 4.2 ± 0.3 | |||
| Δ | 0.0 ± 0.4 | −0.0 ± 0.2 | |||
| TNFα (pg/mL) | Baseline | 3.9 ± 0.7 | 3.9 ± 0.5 | 0.159 | 0.113 |
| 12 months | 3.9 ± 0.5 | 3.9 ± 0.5 | |||
| Δ | 0.0 ± 0.4 | −0.0 ± 0.5 | |||
| MCP-1 (pg/mL) | Baseline | 13.4 ± 12.6 | 10.7 ± 10.3 | 0.021 | 0.105 |
| 12 months | 13.3 ± 10.3 | 8.5 ± 5.8 * | |||
| Δ | 0.1 ± 11.6 | −2.2 ± 9.8 | |||
| MPO (ng/mL) | Baseline | 4.0 ± 2.5 | 4.6 ± 2.8 | 0.045 | 0.343 |
| 12 months | 2.8 ± 1.5* | 2.9 ± 2.04 * | |||
| Δ | −1.0 ± 2.5 | −1.5 ± 3.6 | |||
| RvD1 (pg/mL) | Baseline | 143 ± 70 | 138 ± 37 | 0.063 | 0.018 |
| 12 months | 167 ± 144 | 166 ± 120 * | |||
| Δ | 24.5 ± 165 | 27.8 ± 124 $ | |||
| CK-18 (pM) | Baseline | 91.6 ± 68.4 | 112 ± 76 | 0.002 | 0.448 |
| 12 months | 83.3 ± 52.7 | 79.5 ± 55.9 * | |||
| Δ | −6.64 ± 64.3 | −26.0 ± 57.2 | |||
| Zonulin (ng/mL) | Baseline | 5.0 ± 2.4 | 5.8 ± 3.6 # | 0.033 | 0.048 |
| 12 months | 1.9 ± 1.2 * | 2.57 ± 1.6 * | |||
| Δ | −3.1 ± 2.1 | −3.5 ± 4.2 $ | |||
| EDA (pg/mL) | Baseline | 507 ± 184 | 618 ± 246 # | 0.015 | 0.162 |
| 12 months | 460 ± 149 | 468 ± 202 | |||
| Δ | −47.3 ± 186 | −150 ± 201 | |||
| Omentin (ng/mL) | Baseline | 156 ± 49.3 | 149 ± 57.6 | <0.001 | 0.226 |
| 12 months | 85.2 ± 34.4 * | 80.5 ± 37.9 * | |||
| Δ | −69.1 ± 52.8 | −67.8 ± 48.7 | |||
| Chemerin (ng/mL) | Baseline | 86.4 ± 17.1 | 85.6 ± 13.9 | 0.222 | 0.856 |
| 12 months | 90.4 ± 25.0 | 84.4 ± 13.8 | |||
| Δ | 4.0 ± 19.6 | −1.2 ± 17.0 | |||
| Leptin (ng/mL) | Baseline | 18.2 ± 7.9 | 19.2 ± 6.62 | 0.036 | 0.049 |
| 12 months | 15.1 ± 5.2 | 15.1 ± 6.4 * | |||
| Δ | −3.0 ± 7.8 | −3.7 ± 5.4 $ |
Abbreviations: XOD: xanthine oxidase; IL-1β: interleukin-1β; IL-1ra: interleukin-1ra; IL-6: interleukin-6; TNFα: tumour necrosis factor α; MCP-1: monocyte chemoattractant protein 1; MPO: myeloperoxidase; RvD1: resolving D1; CK-18: Cytokeratin-18; EDA: ectodysplasin-A. SD: Standard deviation. Results are expressed as mean ± SD. Two-way analysis of co-variance (ANCOVA) was performed after adjustments by intervention (diet and physical activity) or a Kruskal–Wallis test according to the case. * Difference in means between participants in time (baseline and 12 months). # Difference in means between groups (low adherence and high adherence). t-test for unpaired data was performed on the differential data (12-month values minus reference values) or with U Mann-Whitney test according to the case. $ Difference in means according to the differential (12-month values minus baseline values). Data points in bold are significant, p < 0.05.