Table 3.
Types of FWs/by-products and their uses as animal feed.
| Food Wastes | Constituent | Animals That Consume It | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Potato waste | Similar to that of corn and barley in terms of energy Crude protein (CP): 7.6%, Ether extract (EE): 7.0%, Crude fibre (CF): 4.0% |
Excellent source of energy for cattle feed, 10% to 20% as feed pellets; also used for pigs and goats | [138,139] |
| Banana root bulbs | Excellent supply of carbohydrates CP: 12.0%, Total digestible nutrients (TDN): 50.0% |
Adult cattle can be fed 20–25 kg per day after cleaning and for pig feeding | [139,140] |
| Apple waste | CP: 12.0%, TDN: 60.0% | 30% of this trash can completely replace corn in the feed of poultry and cattle after being chopped, ground, and dried | [139,141] |
| Rice husk | CF: 39.0–42.0%, EE: 0.8–1.2%, CP: 2.9–3.6% | Cows, horses, and buffaloes | [139,142] |
| Oil cakes | Vitamin-B- and protein-rich food | Cows, goats, and horses | [139,143] |
| Barley by-products | Protein 27.0–30.0%, TDN: 65.0% | Dairy cows | [139,144] |
| Citrus by-products: citrus peel, pulp, rag, seeds |
Total sugar (TS): 10.2–16.5%, Crude fat: 1.2–2.2%, CP: 2.2–4.2%, CF: 5.7–8.6%, Nitrogen-free extract 65.0–75.0% | Adult cows 10 kg/day, up to 45% of the main source of energy for beef and other cattle | [139,145,146] |
| Tea waste | TDN: 58%, CP: 17.94%, Tannic acid: 1.9% | 10–15% mixed with a tasty component are fed to cattle | [139,147] |
| Mango seed kernel | TDN: 55.0%, Protein 6% | 20 to 40% for growing calves and buffaloes, 10% for milch cattle, 50% for ruminants, and also as fish feed | [139,148] |
| Coconut meal | TDN: 70.0–75.0%, CF: 10.0%, CP: 25.0–30.0% | Dairy cows can benefit from a highly helpful protein supplement that boosts milk fat content; also used for goat. | [139,149,150] |
| Carrot waste | TDN: 75.0–80.0%, Protein 10.0–15.0%, Rich in vitamin A | For cattle, 20 kg/day | [138,139] |
| Rice bran de-oiled | TDN: 55.0–65.0%, CP: 13.0–16.0%, excellent source of protein, minerals, carbohydrate, vitamins, and high phosphorus content (1.3%) | Cattle, pigs, broiler, fish, and ruminants | [139,151,152] |
| Jackfruit waste | CP: 7.9%, CF: 14.1%, Calcium (Ca): 0.8%, Phosphorus (P): 0.1% | Cattle, goats, etc. | [138,139] |
| Tomato waste | TDN: 55.0%, CP: 15.0% | For adult cows up to 50%, and for milch cows and poultry up to 16% | [138,139] |
| Tamarind seedpowder | TDN: 64.0%, CP: 12.0% | Cattle, broilers, and bullocks | [139,153] |
| Groundnut meal | TDN: 75.0–85.0%, Protein 40.0–50.0%, High fibre content | Cattle, goats, buffaloes, sheep, and pigs |
[139,154] |
| Citrus molasses | TDN: 65.0–75.0%, CP: 10.0–14.0%, Sugar content 41.0–43.0% | 5–10% in the diets of broiler chickens and ruminant feed | [139,155] |
| Wheat bran | TDN: 65.0–70.0%, CP: 13.0–16.0%, High phosphorus content | Cows, pigs, and goats | [139,156] |
| Tapioca waste | TDN: 60.0–65.0%, CP: 8.0–12.0% | In order to maintain cattle body weight, 30% of tapioca waste can be fed to adult cattle. | [139,157] |
| Coffee husk | CP: 7.0–8.0%, Ca: 0.51%, P: 0.25% | Cattle | [139,158] |
| Soybean meal | TDN: 75.0–84.0%, CP: 45.0–55.0%, Rich in Ca and P | Livestock animal and cattle | [139,159] |
| Beet molasses | TDN: 65.0–75.0%, CP: 6.0–10.0% | Cows and buffaloes | [139,160] |