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. 2023 Mar 28;12(4):819. doi: 10.3390/antiox12040819

Figure 3.

Figure 3

TFRD improved AFB1-induced intestinal mucosal barrier injury. (A) Broiler chicken ingluvies injected with AFB1 or fed with TFRD interfered with intestinal mucosal barrier function. (B) Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining results of the duodenum. Scale bar = 200 μm for × 4 magnification; scale bar = 50 μm for × 20 magnification (yellow arrows: intestinal villi rupture; red arrow: inflammatory cells). (C–E) Villus height, crypt depth, and the ratio of villus height/crypt depth (V/C) of the duodenum. (F) Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS) staining results of the duodenum (scale bar = 100 μm for × 10 magnification). (G) Goblet cell of the duodenum. (H) The activity of plasma diamine oxidase (DAO). (I) mRNA expression levels of occludin, MUC2, and claudin-1. (J–L) Occludin and Claudin-1 protein expression levels. Differences between groups were analyzed by One–way ANOVA. The presented values are the mean ± SEM (n = 4). Differences were considered significant at (*) p < 0.05, (**) p < 0.01, and (***) p < 0.001 compared to the CON group, at (#) p < 0.05, (##) p < 0.01 and (###) p < 0.001 compared to the AFB1 group.