Table 2.

Summary of small molecules and biologics targeting BAM. List of select small molecules, peptides or peptide mimics, antibodies, Fabs, and nanobodies that disrupt BAM function by targeting specific Bam proteins.

Class of Antimicrobial	Name	Source	Cellular Target	MIC	Ref.
Small Molecule	VUF 15259		Autotransporter (AT) pathway	N/A	Steenhuis et al., 2019. [51]
	Nitazoxanide (NTZ)		BamB, BamE, BamD	N/A	Psonis et al., 2019. [68]
	MRL-494		BamA (Gram-negatives); Cytoplasmic membrane integrity (Gram-positives)	25 μM (E. coli JCM320)	Hart et al., 2019. [39]
	IMB-H4		BamA, BamD	4 μg/mL (E. coli ATCC 25922)	Li et al., 2020. [69]
Peptide/Protein
Antibodies	MAB1 (monoclonal antibody)	Mouse/rat	BamA	N/A	Storek et al., 2018. [46]
	anti-BamA monoclonal antibodies	Rat	BamA	N/A	Vij et al., 2018. [70]
Fabs/Nanobodies	Fab1		BamA	N/A	White et al., 2021. [71]
	nanoE6		BamA	N/A	Kaur et al., 2019. [72]
	nanoE7		BamA	N/A	Kaur et al., 2019. [72]
Peptides	JB-95 (β-hairpin peptidomimetic)		possibly BamA or LptD; active against Gram-positives	0.15 μg/mL E. coli (E. coli ATCC 25922)	Urfer et al., 2016. [73]
	FIRL (BamD mimic)		BamD	No solo antimicrobial activity; synergizes with existing drugs to lower MIC	Mori et al., 2012. [74]
	Chimeric peptidomimetic antibiotics (peptides 3, 4, 7, 8)		BamA, LPS		Luther et al., 2019. [45]
	Peptide 2 (BamA mimic)	E. coli	BamD	N/A	Hagan et al., 2015. [75]
	Antibacterial peptide	Axinella donnani	BamA	N/A	Vimala et al., 2015. [76]
	Darobactin A	Photorhabdus khanii	BamA	4 μg/mL (E. coli MG1655) 2 μg/mL (E. coli ATCC 25922)	Imai et al., 2019. [40]
	Dynobactin A	Photorhabdus australis	BamA	16 μg/mL (E. coli MG1655) 8 μg/mL (E. coli ATCC 25922)	Miller et al., 2022. [48]
Lectin-like bacteriocins	LlpA		BamA	N/A	Ghequire et al., 2018; Ghequire et al., 2019. [38,77]