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. 2023 Apr 18;13(4):339. doi: 10.3390/bs13040339

Table 4.

Perceived stress and general anxiety disorders.

First Wave
(n = 199)
Mean (SD)
Second Wave (n = 152)
Mean (SD)
Dynamic of Change
Statistics
Perceived Stress Scale-10 (PSS-10)
In the last month, how often have you
 1. been upset because of something that happened unexpectedly?

1.55 (0.99)

1.52 (0.99)
 2. felt that you were unable to control the important things in your life? 1.56 (1.13) 1.43 (1.11)
 3. felt nervous and stressed? 1.72 (0.99) 1.82 (1.11)
 4. felt confident about your ability to handle your personal problems? 2.40 (0.99) 2.37 (1.11)
 5. felt that things were going your way? 2.07 (1.13) 2.11 (0.99)
 6. found that you could not cope with all the things that you had to do? 2.04 (1.27) 1.80 (1.11)
 7. been able to control irritations in your life? 2.33 (1.13) 2.22 (1.11)
 8. felt that you were on top of things? 1.95 (0.85) 1.76 (0.99) * decrease
 9. been angered because of things that happened that were outside of your control? 1.66 (0.99) 1.57 (0.99)
 10. felt difficulties were piling up so high that you could not overcome them?
 Total PSS-10 score
1.33 (1.13)
20.61 (1.13)
1.39 (1.11)
19.99 (1.11)

*** decrease
Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7)
During the last two weeks
 1. were you feeling nervous, anxious or on edge?

0.99 (0.99)

1.01 (0.86)
 2. were you not able to stop or control worrying? 0.54 (0.85) 0.69 (0.86)
 3. did you had trouble relaxing? 1.29 (1.13) 1.30 (0.86)
 4. did you worry too much about different things? 0.69 (0.85) 0.83 (0.86)
 5. were you so restless that it was hard to sit still? 0.91 (0.71) 0.45 (0.74) *** decrease
 6. have you become easily annoyed or irritable? 1.41 (0.99) 1.07 (0.86) *** decrease
 7. did you feel afraid as if something awful might happen? 0.95 (0.71) 0.54 (0.62)
*** decrease
 Total GAD-7 score 14.17 (0.22) 13.62 (0.32) *** decrease

Note: Student t-test, * p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001 vs. the first wave.