Table 4.
First Wave (n = 199) Mean (SD) |
Second Wave (n = 152) Mean (SD) |
Dynamic of Change Statistics |
|
---|---|---|---|
Perceived Stress Scale-10 (PSS-10) | |||
In the last month, how often have you 1. been upset because of something that happened unexpectedly? |
1.55 (0.99) |
1.52 (0.99) |
|
2. felt that you were unable to control the important things in your life? | 1.56 (1.13) | 1.43 (1.11) | |
3. felt nervous and stressed? | 1.72 (0.99) | 1.82 (1.11) | |
4. felt confident about your ability to handle your personal problems? | 2.40 (0.99) | 2.37 (1.11) | |
5. felt that things were going your way? | 2.07 (1.13) | 2.11 (0.99) | |
6. found that you could not cope with all the things that you had to do? | 2.04 (1.27) | 1.80 (1.11) | |
7. been able to control irritations in your life? | 2.33 (1.13) | 2.22 (1.11) | |
8. felt that you were on top of things? | 1.95 (0.85) | 1.76 (0.99) | * decrease |
9. been angered because of things that happened that were outside of your control? | 1.66 (0.99) | 1.57 (0.99) | |
10. felt difficulties were piling up so high that you could not overcome them? Total PSS-10 score |
1.33 (1.13) 20.61 (1.13) |
1.39 (1.11) 19.99 (1.11) |
*** decrease |
Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) | |||
During the last two weeks 1. were you feeling nervous, anxious or on edge? |
0.99 (0.99) |
1.01 (0.86) |
|
2. were you not able to stop or control worrying? | 0.54 (0.85) | 0.69 (0.86) | |
3. did you had trouble relaxing? | 1.29 (1.13) | 1.30 (0.86) | |
4. did you worry too much about different things? | 0.69 (0.85) | 0.83 (0.86) | |
5. were you so restless that it was hard to sit still? | 0.91 (0.71) | 0.45 (0.74) | *** decrease |
6. have you become easily annoyed or irritable? | 1.41 (0.99) | 1.07 (0.86) | *** decrease |
7. did you feel afraid as if something awful might happen? | 0.95 (0.71) | 0.54 (0.62) |
*** decrease |
Total GAD-7 score | 14.17 (0.22) | 13.62 (0.32) | *** decrease |
Note: Student t-test, * p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001 vs. the first wave.