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. 2023 Apr 18;11(4):1200. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines11041200

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Mechanisms of helminthic immune regulation. Helminth-modulated immunity results in the induction of Th2, IL10, and TGFβ-dependent immune regulation [6,7,8,9,10,11], downregulation of Th1/Th17 inflammation [6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15], regulation of inflammatory Th2 pathway [16,17], induction of Foxp3+ Tregs [10,13,15,18], IL10-producing Tr1 cells [19], alternative macrophage activation [20,21,22,23,24], regulatory dendritic cells [25,26], innate lymphoid cells [27] and tuft-cell-driven type 2 mucosal immunity [23,28,29].