Table 1.
Effect of thioredoxin systems on lifespan in model organisms.
| Organism | Gene | Location | Modulation | Effect on Lifespan | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yeast | TRX1 | Cytoplasm | Disruption | ↓ | [69,70] |
| TRR1 | Cytoplasm | Disruption | ↓ | [73] | |
| TRX3 | Mitochondria | Disruption | = | [71,72] | |
| TRR2 | Mitochondria | Disruption | = | [71,72] | |
| C. elegans | trx-1 | Cytoplasm | Disruption | ↓ | [74,75,76,77] |
| trx-1::GFP | Cytoplasm | Overexpression | ↑ | [77] | |
| trxr-1 | Cytoplasm | Disruption | = | [74,78,79] | |
| trx-2 | Mitochondria | Disruption | = | [74,80] | |
| trxr-2 | Mitochondria | Disruption | =/↓ | [74,79,80] | |
| trx-3 | Cytoplasm/Nucleus Intestine |
Disruption | = | [81] | |
| Drosophila | TrxT | Nucleus, male specific | Disruption | = | [82] |
| TrxT | Nucleus, male specific | Overexpression in all neurons | ↑ | [83] | |
| dhd | Nucleus, female specific | Disruption | = | [82] | |
| Trx-2 | Nucleus | Disruption | ↓ | [82,84] | |
| Trx-2 | Nucleus | Overexpression | ↑ | [82] | |
| TrxT-dhd-Trx-2 | Nucleus | Disruption | =/↓ | [82] | |
| Trxr-1 | Cytoplasm and Mitochondria | Disruption | Larval lethality | [85,86] | |
| Trxr-1 | Cytoplasm and Mitochondria | Overexpression | = | [87] | |
| Trxr-2 | Mitochondria | Overexpression | ↑ | [87] | |
| Vdup1 | Cytoplasm/Nucleus | Downregulation | ↑ | [88] | |
| Vdup1 | Cytoplasm/Nucleus | Overexpression | ↓ | [88] | |
| Mice | Txn1/Trx1 | Cytoplasmic | Disruption | Embryonic lethal | [89] |
| Txn1+/− | Cytoplasmic | Heterozygous disruption | = | [90,91] | |
| Human TXN | Cytoplasmic | Overexpression | ↑ | [92] | |
| Human TXN | Cytoplasmic | Overexpression | ↑ early lifespanin males | [93] | |
| Human TXN | Cytoplasmic | Overexpression | = | [94] | |
| Txnrd1 | Cytoplasmic | Disruption | Embryonic lethal | [95] | |
| Txn2/Trx2 | Mitochondria | Disruption | Embryonic lethal | [96] | |
| Txn2+/− | Mitochondria | Heterozygous disruption | = | [97] | |
| Human TXN2 | Mitochondria | Overexpression | ↑ early lifespan | [98] | |
| Human TXN1 + human TXN2 | Cytoplasmic and Mitochondria | Overexpression | ↓ | [99] | |
| Txn+/−; Txn2+/− | Cytoplasmic and Mitochondria | Heterozygous disruption | ↑ | [91] | |
| Txnrd2 | Mitochondria | Disruption | Embryonic lethal | [100] | |
| Rats | Human TXN | Cytoplasmic | Overexpression | = | [91] |
“↓” lifespan decreased compared to WT. “↑” lifespan increased compared to WT. “=” lifespan equivalent to WT.