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. 2023 Apr 7;11(4):1126. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines11041126

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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A general mechanistic understanding of DCM. Black arrows represent downstream events, black dotted arrows also represent downstream events however several steps are involved, the arrows pointing upward represent upregulation, and the arrows pointing downward represent suppression. GLUT 4, glucose transporter; AGEs, advanced glycation end products; RAGE, receptor for advanced glycation end products; ANP, atrial natriuretic peptide; BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; TGFβ, transforming growth factor-β; SMAD, suppressor of mothers against decapentaplegic; MHC, myosin heavy chain.