Figure 4.

A summary of vitamin A-C-E-B9 action in the activation (green arrows) of Nrf2 signaling and suppression (red line) of NF-κB signaling. (Nrf2—Nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2, Keap-1—Kelch-like ECH—associated Protein 1, Cul3—cullin protein 3, P—phosphate, NF-κB—Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, IκB—inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B, sMaf—musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma, ARE—Antioxidant responsive element, κB—κB DNA binding, SOD—Superoxide dismutase, CAT—Catalase, GPx—Glutathione peroxidase, COX-2—Cyclooxygenase 2, IL-1/6/8—Interleutkin 1/6/8, TNF-α—Tumor necrosis factor α, Bcl2—B-cell lymphoma-2).