Table 1.

Historical in-human application of magnets in surgery.

Year	Organ System	Medical Indication	Use of Magnets	Citation
1975	Esophagus	Esophageal atresia	Intermittent application of electromagnetic field to metal bougies that lengthen atretic esophageal pouches	Hendren and Hale, 1975 [1]
1980	Vascular	Need for arteriovenous fistula	Intravascular paired ring magnets for side-to-side anastomosis between two blood vessels	Obora et al., 1980 [4]
1981	Colorectal	Presence of colostomy	Internal–external paired magnetic ring system for colostomy closure	Jansen et al., 1981 [5]
1989	Urology	Urethral stricture	Intraurethral miniaturized magnets for stricturoplasty	Isakov et al., 1989 [6]
1992	Small intestine	Small bowel fistula	Intraluminal paired magnets to form compression anastomosis bypassing intestinal fistula	Stepanov et al., 1992 [7]
1993	Hepatobiliary	Biliary stricture	Paired magnets to form compression anastomosis between proximal common bile duct and stomach or duodenum	Saveliev et al., 1993 [8]