Table 1.
Comparison of general characteristics, biochemical indexes, BMD and bone metabolism markers among the three groups.
| Index | Non-Osteoporotic Group (n = 272) | Osteopenia Group (n = 536) |
Osteoporosis Group (n = 350) |
F(X2) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male | 167 (61.40%) | 322 (60.07%) | 128 (36.57%) a,b | 56.39 | <0.05 |
| Age (year) | 61.40 ± 6.61 | 62.70 ± 7.71 | 66.39 ± 7.96 a,b | 39.20 | <0.05 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.50 ± 3.43 | 25.48 ± 3.16 a | 24.40 ± 3.22 a,b | 30.28 | <0.05 |
| Diabetes duration(year) | 11.38 ± 8.69 | 12.13 ± 7.78 | 12.02 ± 8.38 | 0.79 | 0.45 |
| WHR | 0.95 ± 0.07 | 0.95 ± 0.07 | 0.94 ± 0.07 | 2.29 | 0.10 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 134.23 ± 17.72 | 133.12 ± 17.27 | 134.26 ± 18.95 | 0.58 | 0.56 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 78.90 ± 10.49 | 77.82 ± 10.33 | 76.86 ± 10.72 | 2.91 | 0.05 |
| HbA1c (%) | 8.57 ± 1.99 | 8.68 ± 1.92 | 8.50 ± 1.81 | 0.84 | 0.43 |
| FBG (mmol/L) | 8.60 ± 3.40 | 8.81 ± 3.40 | 8.61 ± 3.19 | 0.52 | 0.59 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 4.15 ± 1.09 | 4.14 ± 1.09 | 4.30 ± 1.18 | 2.32 | 0.10 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.72 ± 1.09 | 1.83 ± 1.29 | 1.70 ± 1.14 | 1.48 | 0.23 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.42 ± 0.83 | 2.38 ± 0.85 | 2.54 ± 0.94 a,b | 3.89 | <0.05 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.15 ± 0.33 | 1.04 ± 0.26 a | 0.91 ± 0.35 a,b | 44.59 | <0.05 |
| UA (mmol/L) | 339.40 ± 86.24 | 343.04 ± 87.52 | 322.18 ± 85.63 a,b | 6.26 | <0.05 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.732) | 92.26 ± 15.42 | 89.94 ± 18.26 | 87.65 ± 18.94 a | 4.99 | <0.05 |
| Ca (mmol/L) | 2.29 ± 0.09 | 2.30 ± 0.11 | 2.30 ± 0.10 | 1.20 | 0.30 |
| PTH (pg/mL) | 34.31 ± 13.01 | 35.64 ± 15.98 | 38.44 ± 17.02 a,b | 5.56 | <0.05 |
| Lumbar BMD (g/cm2) | 1.11 ± 0.16 | 0.95 ± 0.11 a | 0.79 ± 0.14 a,b | 429.44 | <0.05 |
| Hip BMD (g/cm2) | 0.87 ± 0.09 | 0.71 ± 0.08 a | 0.59 ± 0.10 a,b | 781.02 | <0.05 |
| OC (ng/mL) | 11.03 ± 4.08 | 12.56 ± 6.19 a | 14.07 ± 7.56 a,b | 17.50 | <0.05 |
| β-CTx (ng/mL) | 0.32 ± 0.18 | 0.40 ± 0.36 a | 0.43 ± 0.29 a | 10.49 | <0.05 |
| P1NP (ng/mL) | 35.89 ± 17.20 | 39.95 ± 21.06 a | 44.31 ± 22.68 a.b | 12.26 | <0.05 |
| 25(OH)D (ng/mL) | 19.18 ± 8.64 | 17.78 ± 8.67 a | 17.13 ± 7.29 a | 4.48 | <0.05 |
| History of fractures | 22 (8.09%) | 61 (11.38%) | 54 (15.43%) | 14.33 | <0.05 |
| DKD | 78 (28.68%) | 198 (36.94%) a | 148 (42.29%) a,b | 10.98 | <0.05 |
| DR | 90 (33.09%) | 178 (33.21%) | 121 (34.57%) | 1.32 | 0.78 |
| DN | 86 (31.62%) | 176 (32.84%) | 108 (30.86%) | 3.21 | 0.65 |
a: p < 0.05 compared with the non-osteoporotic group; b: p < 0.05 compared with the osteopenia group. Abbreviations: SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; BMI: body mass index; FBG: fasting blood glucose; HbA1c: glycosylated hemoglobin; UA: uric acid; Ca: calcium; TC: total cholesterol, TG: triglycerid; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; PTH: parathyroid hormone; OC: osteocalcin; β-CTx: β-crosslaps peptide; P1NP: procollagen 1 N-terminal propeptide; 25(OH)D: 25-hydroxyvitamin D; eGFR: glomerular filtration rate; BMD: bone mineral density; DKD: diabetic kidney disease; DR: diabetic retinopathy; DN: diabetic neuropathy.