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. 2023 Apr 2;11(4):1071. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines11041071

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Antigen presentation, co-stimulation, and immune checkpoint inhibition (ICIs) of T cell. APC: antigen-presenting cell; MHC: major histocompatibility complex; PD-1: programmed death-1; PD-L1/PD-L2: programmed death ligand-1/2; TIM-3: T cell Immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing 3; Gal9: galectin9; HMBGB1: high-motility group box-1; CEACAM1: carcinoembryonic antigen cell adhesion molecule; Ptdser: phosphatidylserine; TIGIT: T cell Immunoreceptor with immunoglobulin and ITIM domain; TCR: T cell receptor; CTLA-4: cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4; LAG-3: lymphocyte activating-gene-3; VISTA: V-domain immunoglobulin suppressor of T cell activation; VSIG-3: V-set and immunoglobulin domain containing protein 3.