Table 1.
Included studies and their characteristics.
| Authors | Year | Institution | Publication Type | Surgical Stage | Procedure | Device | Software | Aim | Conclusion |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Waked | 2022 | Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Brussel, Brussels, Belgium | Workflow description | Intraoperative | Facial artery mapping | Smartphone | Not reported | Test application and determine the accuracy of an AR app for visualizing patient-specific facial arterial anatomy | AR tool accurately visualized patient facial arterial anatomy and can contribute to safer dermal injections |
| Cho | 2021 | Department of Plastic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic | Workflow description | Preoperative | Facial vascularized composite allotransplantation | HoloLens | Unity platform and Visual Studio | Describe an AR workflow for use in facial transplantation | AR proved to be a time and cost saver, with the potential for pre- and intraoperative use |
| Garcia-Mato | 2021 | Departamento de Bioingenieria E Ingenieria Aerospacial, Universidad Carlos III De Madrid | Workflow description | Intraoperative | Metopic Craniosynostosis | Smartphone | Custom AR application based on the Unity platform (version 2019.3) | Develop AR preoperative planning method for craniosynostosis repair | AR workflow was successful both in practice and in real cases for assisting craniosynostosis repair |
| Mespreuve | 2021 | Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Brussel | Workflow description | Intraoperative | Dermal filler injection | Smartphone | Not reported | Examine the viability of pairing magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) with AR to visualize facial anatomy and avoid filler injection injuries | MRA and AR dual workflow was largely successful in identifying facial vasculature, and the proof of concept was successful |
| Coelho | 2020 | Santa Marcelina Hospital | Workflow description | Preoperative | Metopic Craniosynostosis | Smartphone | Custom AR application built using Unity framework and ARCore | Develop AR preoperative planning method for craniosynostosis repair | Their AR workflow can be used to visualize patient-specific anatomy |
| Wesselius | 2020 | Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center | Workflow description | Intraoperative | Deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap | HoloLens | In-house developed HoloLens application (using Unity framework) | Describe an AR workflow designed to visualize vessels for a DIEP flap | Their AR workflow can be used to visualize patient-specific anatomy |
| Yaremenko | 2020 | Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Pavlov University | Case report and workflow description | Intraoperative | Auricular reconstruction | Epson Moverio BT-300 | Not reported | Examine the use of AR for microtia correction | AR was useful in visualizing anatomy and conducting a microtia correction |
| Amini | 2019 | Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Concordia University | Workflow description | Preoperative | Single Mastectomy | HoloLens | Custom AR application built using Unity version 2018.1.0 and the Vuforia SDK Engine. | Present an augmented reality application, which enables surgeons to see the shape of the implants, as 3D holograms on the patient’s body. | AR can be used to model 3D objects in real time with some subject education |
| Giacalone | 2019 | Department of Lymphatic Surgery, Sint-Maarten Hospital | Workflow description and Case report | Preoperative | Lymphovenous Anastomosis | Medicalholodeck | Custom VR application using Medicalholodeck platform and software | Describe a VR workflow designed to preoperatively plan a lymphatic malformation repair | VR workflow was successful in visualizing complex anatomy in streamlining the operation |
| Pratt | 2018 | Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London | Case series and workflow description | Intraoperative | Deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap | HoloLens | Custom AR application based on the Unity platform (version 2017.1) | Describe an AR workflow designed to visualize vessels for a DIEP flap and demonstrate accuracy in patients | AR workflow was demonstrated to be accurate in viewing patient anatomy and assisting in DIEP procedures |