Table 3.

Influence of NE challenge on intestinal barrier function and modulation effects by probiotics.

S/N	Response to NE Challenge	Probiotic Strain	Response to Dietary Probiotics	Ref
1	Decreased the expression of CLDN-1, CLDN-3, ZO-1 and ZO-2	B. licheniformis H2	Increased the expression of these proteins	[12]
2	Reduced the expression of IGF-1 and EGF in the gut	Multi probiotic strain. B. subtilis	Increased IGF-1 and EGF in the jejunum and ileum	[18]
3	Increased expression of CLDN3,	Multi strain	Decreased CLDN3; increased CLDN3 and Muc-2 on day 42	[19]
4	Reduced the expression of CLDN-3	B. licheniformis	Increased the expression of CLDN-3	[23]
5	Reduced mRNA expression of Muc2; reduced IAP activity	B. coagulans	No effect on mucin expression; increased IAP activity in the jejunum	[25]
6	Decreased CLDN-1 but had no influence on OCLDN and CLDN-2	L. fermentum, B. coagulans	Increased CLDN-3	[26]
7	Reduced mRNA expression of CLDN-3, CLDN-1 and ZO-2	Primlac: multi strain probiotics	Increased expression of these proteins	[94]
8	Reduced expression of CLDN-1 and OCLDN transcripts; increased Muc-2	B. subtilis DSM29784	No effect on expression of claudins	[95]
9	Increased level of serum DAO and reduced CLDN-3 and MUC-2	B. amyloliquefaciens BLCC1-0238	Reduced level of serum DAO and D-lactic acid; increased OCLN, ZO-1 and MUC2	[110]
10	Reduced CLDN-3 and ZO-1; increased MLCK mRNA expression	E. faecium	Increased expression of CLDN-1	[112]
11	Reduced JAM2	B. licheniformis	Increased JAM2	[122]