Table 5.

Intestinal immune and inflammatory response to influence of NE challenge and modulation effect by probiotics.

	Response to NE Challenge		Response to Dietary Probiotics
S/N	Intestinal Immunity	Intestinal Inflammation	Probiotic Strains	Intestinal Immunity	Intestinal Inflammation	Ref
1	Reduced expression of IgA and IgG; increased PGC-1a expression	NE	B. licheniformis H2	Increased IgA and IgG; reduced expression of PGC-1a	NE	[12]
2	Decreased immunoglobulins and T helper: Th cells in the cecal tonsils	Increased IL-1B	Multi strains of Lactobacillus	Increased immunoglobulins and T cells. Reduced sIgA	Increased IFN-γ, IL-13 and IL-2; reduced IL-1B, IL-12p35, IL-17 and TGF-B	[13]
3	Decreased jejunal mRNA TRIF and NF-KB	Changes in IL-1β, IL-10, IL-17 and TNF-α	B. licheniformis	Increased jejunal mRNA TRIF and NF-KB; no effect on TLR2 or TLR4	No effect on IL-1β, IL-10, IL-17 or TNF-α; increased GFs and HSP proteins	[19]
4	Increased FITC and intestinal IgA	NE	B. licheniformis H2	Increased the contents	NE	[21]
5	Increased sIgA	Increased IFN-γ	B. licheniformis	Reduced sIgA	Reduced IFN-γ, IL-10 and IL-17	[23]
6	Reduced sIgA, TLR2, TLR4 and TNFSF15 Fowlcidin gene	Increased IFN-γ. Decreased TLR2, TLR4 and TNFSF15 gene	B. coagulans	Increased sIgA; no effect on TLRsl only increased fowlcidin-2	Reduced IFN-γ; no effect on others	[25]
7	Reduced TLR2	No effect on TNF or TLR2; increased IL-17	C. butyricum	No effect on intestinal IgA	Increased TNF-α, IL-10, reduced IL-17A	[26]
8	NE	Increased (chTNF-α) and IL-1β in the ileum mucosa	L. plantarum 1.2567	NE	Reduced (chTNF-α) and IL-1β	[30]
9	Reduced populationof CD3+	Increased jejunal IL-1β and TGF-β4 by 28. Both increased	L. fermentum, B. coagulans	Increased CD3	Increased and reduced IL-1β, INF-γ, IL-13,1L-17 and TGF-B.	[33]
10	NE	Increased IL-6, TNF-a and IFN-γ	B. subtilis DSM 32315.	NE	Reduced IL-6, TNF-α and IFN-γ and increased IL-10 and SIgA	[52]
11	Reduced ileum IgA and IgG, sIgA and content. Increased MMP-2	Increased IFN-γ and IL-10	Lactobacillus johnsonii BS15	Increased the IgA, IgG and sIgA content; reduced MMP-2	Reduced IFN-γ and IL-10; increased Nrf-2 and IL-8.	[70]
12	NE	Reduced IL-10 and IL-17	Primlac:multi strain	NE	Increased IL-10 and IL-17	[94]
13	Reduced serum sIgA and IgG	Increased IL-1β, TNF-α, INF-γ and IL-6	B. subtilis DSM29784	No effect on sIgA	Reduced IFN-γ and TNF- α	[95]
14	Reduced sIgA	Increased IFN-γ, IL-10 and IL-6	B. amyloliquefaciens BLCC1-0238	Increased sIgA	Decreased IFN-γ, IL-10 and IL-6	[110]
15	NE	Reduced TLR-2, IL-1β, IL-4, IFN-γ, iNOS and IL-10	E. faecium		Increased MYD88, NFK-B, IL-1β, IL-4 and iNOS	[112]
16	Reduced serum IgG and IgA, CD3+, CD4+ and lymphocyte percentage	Reduced IL-2, IL-4 and IFN-γ	L. johnsonii BS15	Increased the IgG and IgA and CD+ cells	Increased IFN-γ and IL-2	[114]
17	Reduced serum IgG and IgM	No effect on IL-6, TNF-α or IFN-γ	L. johnsonii BS15, Bacillus	Increased serum IgG and IgM	No effect on IL-6, TNF-α or IFN-γ but reduced IL-8	[116]
18	Reduced TLR21	Reduced INF-γ, IL-12 and TGF-B4	B. subtilis 29,784	Increased TLR21 after infection and TLR 5	Increased INF-γ, IL-12 and TGF-B4	[122]