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. 2023 Apr 27;32(4):778–817. doi: 10.1007/s11666-023-01587-1

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — SEM micrographs of Bacillus Subtilis spores on top of (left) stainless steel alloy, (middle) copper alloy sheet metal, (right) copper alloy sprayed on steel alloy by twin wire arc spray. The separation and conversion of spores to nanoflower structures on copper alloys over the same time period are shown (Ref 68). Used with permission of Canadian Science Publishing, from Sporicidal efficacy of thermal-sprayed copper alloy coating, R. Shafaghi, J. Mostaghimi, V. Pershin, M. Ringuette, Canadian Journal of Microbiology, volume 63, issue 5, 2017; permission conveyed though Copyright Clearance Center, Inc