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. 2023 Apr 13;13(4):474. doi: 10.3390/bios13040474

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

PMC Copyright notice

Competitive assay methods via fluorometric apta-biosensing (A) The competitive detection of exosomes based on an aptamer specific to the CD63 protein. (B) An aptasensor based on an aptamer-modified fluorescent particle for OTA detection. (C) Fluorescence signal-amplified strategy and procedure using AuNPs/MPs and a nicking enzyme, reproduced with permission from [82]. Copyright 2017 Analytica Chimica Acta. Numbers 1–7 represent the 7 steps used in the procedure. (D) AICHA signal amplification strategy for exosome detection, reprinted with permission from [83]. Copyright 2022 American Chemistry Society.