Table 1.
Target Analyte | Sensing Type | Detection Range | LOD | Merits | Limitations | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Histamine | Col | up to 2000 nM | 8 nM | Simple, low cost | Incomplete dissociation of nontarget binding fragments of aptamers | [37] |
Vitamin D3 | Col | 1–1000 nM | 1 nM | Sufficient dissocitation of residual binding | Nontarget aggregation | [41] |
E2 | Col | 100–10,000 nM | 500 nM | Significant suppression of nontarget aggregation | Cannot be reused | [42] |
Dopamine | Col | 0.1–10 mM | 2.1 mM | Reusable platform | Low sensitivity | [43] |
Pesticide malathion | Col | 5 pM–10 nM | 1 pM | Lower detection range and high sensitivity | Long incubation time | [44] |
Interleukin-6 | Col | 3.3–125 μg/mL | 1.95 μg/mL | Rapid detection | Low sensitivity | [45] |
AMP | Fl | 0.04–20 μM | 18 nM | High sensitivity | Need recovery of QDs | [49] |
AFB1 | Fl | 61 pM–4.0 μM | 61 pM | Lower limit of detection | Long detection time | [50] |
rHUEPO-α | Fl | 0–1600 nM | 0.92 nM | High sensitivity | Long incubation time | [51] |
Caspase-3 | Fl | 0.01–10 ng/mL | 10 pg/mL | High sensitivity | The sensitivity will be affected by the distance between the position of the fluorophore and detector | [55] |
PfLDH | Fl | 0.3 ng/mL–300 μg/mL | 0.3 ng/mL | Fixed sensing platform, high sensitivity, rapid detection | Bulky optical instrumentation | [56] |
PV | Col and Fl | 2.5–20 μg/mL for Col 2.38–40 μg/mL for Fl |
0.72 μg/mL | High sensitivity, easy and fast operation | Narrow detection range and photobleaching | [57] |
PCT | Fl | 7.6 pg/mL–125 ng/mL | 3.8 pg/mL | High stability and sensitivity | Bulky optical instrumentation | [59] |
α-thrombin HNE |
Fl | 0.002–10 pM 1–1000 pM |
2 fM 100 fM |
High sensitivity | Long enzyme reaction time | [63] |
Thrombin | Fl | up to 4 μg/mL | 10 ng/mL | Short incubation and reaction time | Low sensitivity | [64] |
pLDH | Fl | 10 aM–1.5 fM | 10 aM | Ulrasensitivity | Bulky optical instrumentation | [65] |
S. typhi | Fl | 10–107 cfu/mL | 13.6 cfu/mL | High specifity and sensitivity | Bulky optical instrumentation | [66] |
OTC and KAN | Col | 10−6–105 pg/mL | 1 ag/mL | Wide detection range and low LOD | Background interference | [67] |
V. parahaemolyticus | Col | 10–106 cfu/mL | 10 cfu/mL | High sensitivity | Background interference | [68] |
MCF-7 | Col | 10–100,000 cells/mL | 3 cells/mL | High sensitivity and low LOD | Background interference | [69] |
α-thrombin | MRSw | 1.6–30.4 nM | 1.0 nM | Without the interference of background | Sophisticated instrumentations | [71] |
Hg2+ | MRSw | 10 nM–5 μM | 2.7 nM | Wide detection range | Sophisticated instrumentations | [72] |
Vibrio alginolyticus | MRSw | 4–4 103 cfu/mL | 26 cfu/mL | High sensitivity | Need to optimize some factors to affect the sensitivity | [73] |
MO | EC | 10−17–10−12 M | 3.3 aM | Sensitive, portable, cost-efficient, and fast analysis | Non-reusable | [75] |
BNP | EC | 1–10,000 pg/mL | 0.56 pg/mL | Wide detection range | Non-reusable | [76] |
V.P | EC | 10–109 cfu/mL | 3 cfu/mL | Rapid and on-site quantification | Non-reusable | [77] |
MAL OMT |
EC | 3 pg/mL–3 ng/mL 10 pg/mL–10 ng/mL |
1.3 pg/mL 2.8 pg/mL |
Multiple detection | Non-resuable | [78] |
CD63 | Fl | 1.0 × 105–1.0 × 109 particles/μL | 1.0 × 105 particles/μL | Wide detection range | High LOD, low photostability | [79] |
Ochratoxin A | Fl | 0.2–140 nM | 0.21 nM | High sensitivity | Bulky optical instrumentation | [81] |
Ampicillin | Fl | 0.1–100 ng/mL | 0.07 ng/mL | High sensitivity | Enzyme-assisted technique | [82] |
MCF-6 | Fl | 8.4–8.4 × 105 particles/μL | 0.5 particles/μL | Wide detection range | Bulky optical instrumentation | [83] |
Cocaine | Col | 1.0 × 10−9 –1.0 × 10−8 M | 0.48 nM | Simple instrumentation | Narrow detection range | [84] |
CAP | Col | 0.05–100 ng/mL | 0.015 ng/mL | High sensitivity | Sophisticated detection procedures | [85] |
Lys | MRSw | up to 1000 nM | 30 nM | One-step detection | Low sensitivity | [87] |
BPA | MRSw | 0.1–100 ng/mL | 0.06 ng/mL | High sensitivity | Sophisticated instrumentations | [88] |
Moxifloxacin Imatinib Irinotecan |
RPS | up to 200 μΜ up to 13 μΜ up to 7 μΜ |
– | Wide detection range | Low resolution | [95] |
17β-estradiol | RPS | up to 400 nM | – | Label-free detection | Narrow detection range | [104] |
Thrombin | RPS | up to 200 nM | – | Label-free detection | Narrow detection range | [105] |
VEGF PDGF |
RPS | up to 2 nM up to 10 nM |
– | Multiplexed detection for different biomolecules | Narrow detection range | [106] |
Thrombin | RPS | up to 10 pM | – | High sensitivity | Narrow detection range | [107] |
Adenosine | RPS | 0.1 nM–10 mM | 0.168 nM | Ultrahigh sensitivity and wide detection range | Low throughput | [108] |
Note: in the Table, EC, electrochemical; Col, colorimetric; Fl, fluorescent; MRSw, magnetic relaxation switching; RPS, resistive pulse sensing.