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. 2023 Apr 13;13(4):474. doi: 10.3390/bios13040474

Table 1.

Performance matrix of all the reviewed work.

Target Analyte Sensing Type Detection Range LOD Merits Limitations Ref.
Histamine Col up to 2000 nM 8 nM Simple, low cost Incomplete dissociation of nontarget binding fragments of aptamers [37]
Vitamin D3 Col 1–1000 nM 1 nM Sufficient dissocitation of residual binding Nontarget aggregation [41]
E2 Col 100–10,000 nM 500 nM Significant suppression of nontarget aggregation Cannot be reused [42]
Dopamine Col 0.1–10 mM 2.1 mM Reusable platform Low sensitivity [43]
Pesticide malathion Col 5 pM–10 nM 1 pM Lower detection range and high sensitivity Long incubation time [44]
Interleukin-6 Col 3.3–125 μg/mL 1.95 μg/mL Rapid detection Low sensitivity [45]
AMP Fl 0.04–20 μM 18 nM High sensitivity Need recovery of QDs [49]
AFB1 Fl 61 pM–4.0 μM 61 pM Lower limit of detection Long detection time [50]
rHUEPO-α Fl 0–1600 nM 0.92 nM High sensitivity Long incubation time [51]
Caspase-3 Fl 0.01–10 ng/mL 10 pg/mL High sensitivity The sensitivity will be affected by the distance between the position of the fluorophore and detector [55]
PfLDH Fl 0.3 ng/mL–300 μg/mL 0.3 ng/mL Fixed sensing platform, high sensitivity, rapid detection Bulky optical instrumentation [56]
PV Col and Fl 2.5–20 μg/mL for Col
2.38–40 μg/mL for Fl
0.72 μg/mL High sensitivity, easy and fast operation Narrow detection range and photobleaching [57]
PCT Fl 7.6 pg/mL–125 ng/mL 3.8 pg/mL High stability and sensitivity Bulky optical instrumentation [59]
α-thrombin
HNE
Fl 0.002–10 pM
1–1000 pM
2 fM
100 fM
High sensitivity Long enzyme reaction time [63]
Thrombin Fl up to 4 μg/mL 10 ng/mL Short incubation and reaction time Low sensitivity [64]
pLDH Fl 10 aM–1.5 fM 10 aM Ulrasensitivity Bulky optical instrumentation [65]
S. typhi Fl 10–107 cfu/mL 13.6 cfu/mL High specifity and sensitivity Bulky optical instrumentation [66]
OTC and KAN Col 10−6–105 pg/mL 1 ag/mL Wide detection range and low LOD Background interference [67]
V. parahaemolyticus Col 10–106 cfu/mL 10 cfu/mL High sensitivity Background interference [68]
MCF-7 Col 10–100,000 cells/mL 3 cells/mL High sensitivity and low LOD Background interference [69]
α-thrombin MRSw 1.6–30.4 nM 1.0 nM Without the interference of background Sophisticated instrumentations [71]
Hg2+ MRSw 10 nM–5 μM 2.7 nM Wide detection range Sophisticated instrumentations [72]
Vibrio alginolyticus MRSw 4–4 × 103 cfu/mL 26 cfu/mL High sensitivity Need to optimize some factors to affect the sensitivity [73]
MO EC 10−17–10−12 M 3.3 aM Sensitive, portable, cost-efficient, and fast analysis Non-reusable [75]
BNP EC 1–10,000 pg/mL 0.56 pg/mL Wide detection range Non-reusable [76]
V.P EC 10–109 cfu/mL 3 cfu/mL Rapid and on-site quantification Non-reusable [77]
MAL
OMT
EC 3 pg/mL–3 ng/mL
10 pg/mL–10 ng/mL
1.3 pg/mL
2.8 pg/mL
Multiple detection Non-resuable [78]
CD63 Fl 1.0 × 105–1.0 × 109 particles/μL 1.0 × 105 particles/μL Wide detection range High LOD, low photostability [79]
Ochratoxin A Fl 0.2–140 nM 0.21 nM High sensitivity Bulky optical instrumentation [81]
Ampicillin Fl 0.1–100 ng/mL 0.07 ng/mL High sensitivity Enzyme-assisted technique [82]
MCF-6 Fl 8.4–8.4 × 105 particles/μL 0.5 particles/μL Wide detection range Bulky optical instrumentation [83]
Cocaine Col 1.0 × 10−9 –1.0 × 10−8 M 0.48 nM Simple instrumentation Narrow detection range [84]
CAP Col 0.05–100 ng/mL 0.015 ng/mL High sensitivity Sophisticated detection procedures [85]
Lys MRSw up to 1000 nM 30 nM One-step detection Low sensitivity [87]
BPA MRSw 0.1–100 ng/mL 0.06 ng/mL High sensitivity Sophisticated instrumentations [88]
Moxifloxacin
Imatinib
Irinotecan
RPS up to 200 μΜ
up to 13 μΜ
up to 7 μΜ
Wide detection range Low resolution [95]
17β-estradiol RPS up to 400 nM Label-free detection Narrow detection range [104]
Thrombin RPS up to 200 nM Label-free detection Narrow detection range [105]
VEGF
PDGF
RPS up to 2 nM
up to 10 nM
Multiplexed detection for different biomolecules Narrow detection range [106]
Thrombin RPS up to 10 pM High sensitivity Narrow detection range [107]
Adenosine RPS 0.1 nM–10 mM 0.168 nM Ultrahigh sensitivity and wide detection range Low throughput [108]

Note: in the Table, EC, electrochemical; Col, colorimetric; Fl, fluorescent; MRSw, magnetic relaxation switching; RPS, resistive pulse sensing.