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. 2023 Apr 14;12(8):1156. doi: 10.3390/cells12081156

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Cytoprotective autophagy is activated in cancer cells resistant to endocrine therapy (ATP = adenosine triphosphate; AKT = protein kinase B; AMP = adenosine monophosphate; AMPK = AMP-activated protein kinase; BECN1 = Beclin-1; DNMT1 = DNA-methyltransferase 1; EGFR = epidermal growth factor receptor; ERK = extracellular signal-regulated kinase; GRP78 = glucose-regulated protein 78; GPR30 = G protein coupled estrogen receptor; H19 = long noncoding RNA H19; HMGB1 = high mobility group box 1; IGFBP-3 = insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3; JAK = Janus kinase; JNK = c-Jun N-terminal kinase; MAPK = mitogen-activated protein kinase; MEK = mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase; miR-214 = microRNA 214; miR-214-3p = microRNA 214-3p; MTA1 = metastasis-associated antigen 1; mTOR = mammalian target of rapamycin; NCK = non-catalytic region of tyrosine kinase; PAG = glycosphingolipid-enriched microdomains; PAK = p-21-activated kinase; PI3K = phosphoinositide 3-kinase; PKC = protein kinase C; PLC = phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C; SLC6A14 (solute carrier family 6 member 14); STAT = signal transducer and activators of transcription; TAM = tamoxifen; UCP2 = mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2; ULK1 = Unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1; UPR = unfolded protein response).