Table 3.

Electrochemical sensors based on carbon black SPEs.

Analyte	Electrode *	Technique *	Linear Range (µmol L−1)	LOD (µmol L−1)	Samples	Reference
Aflatoxin B1	CB-SPE	DPV	1.06 × 10−4–2.35 × 10−3 (buffer) and 1.82 × 10−4–4.99 × 10−3 (extract)	4.16 × 10−5 (buffer) and 7.68 × 10−5 (extract)	Corn extract	[145]
Domoic acid (DOA)	CB-SPE	Amperometry	1.61 × 10−2–1.99 × 10−2 (buffer) 1.61 × 10−2–1.86 × 10−1 (scallop extract)	1.28 × 10−3 (buffer) 2.25 × 10−3 (buffer)	Buffer and Scallop extract	[142]
Dopamine (DA) and Epinephrine (EP)	aGO/CB-OMNiDIP-adduct/SPCE	DPV	7.57 × 10−4–4.07 × 10−2 (DA) and 4.04 × 10−4–9.99 × 10−3 (EP)	1.83 × 10−4–3.98 × 10−4 (DA) 9.28 × 10−5–1.09 × 10−4 (EP)	Aqueous, blood serum, urine and pharmaceutical	[151]
Dopamine (DA) Epinephrine (EP) and acetaminophen (ACP)	SPCE/CB-ERGO	SWV	4.9–19 (DA) 9.9–95 (EP) 9.9–95 (ACP)	4.1 × 10−1 (DA) 1.8 (EP) 1.5 (ACP)	Buffer	[150]
Levofloxacin (LVF) and acetaminophen (ACP)	CB(BP4750)-SPE	SWV	0.90–70.0 (LVF) 4.0–80.0 (ACP)	0.42 (LVF) 2.6 (ACP)	River water	[147]
Na+ ions	CB-SPE	DPV	1.0 × 103 and 1.0 × 106	63	Sweat	[144]
O-diphenols hydroxyty rosol (OLEU) and oleuropei (HYT)	CB-MoS2-SPE	DPV	0.3–30 (OLEU) 2–100 (HYT)	0.1 (OLEU) 1 (HYT)	Olive oil	[148]
Okadaic acid (OA) and domoic acid (DOA)	CB-SPE	DPV	1.28 × 10−2–2.31 × 10−1 (DOA in buffer), 1.28 × 10−2–1.09 × 10−1 (DOA in mussel extract), 3.35 × 10−4–4.10 × 10−3 (OA in buffer) and 4.35 × 10−4–4.84 × 10−3 (OA in mussel extract)	5.46 × 10−3 (DOA in buffer), 6.10 × 10−3 (DOA in mussel extract), 1.86 × 10−4 (OA in buffer), and 2.24 × 10−4 (OA in mussel extract)	Buffer and Mussel Extract	[143]
Spike protein (S) and nucleocapsid protein (N)	CB-SPE	DPV	---	19 ng mL−1 (S) 8 ng mL−1 (N)	Saliva	[152]
Uric acid	CB-GO-SPCE	Flow injection amperometry	0.05–2000	0.01	Urine	[149]

* The explanations of the abbreviations in Table 3 can be found in the Supplementary Materials.