Table 4.
Electrochemical sensors based on carbon quantum dots SPEs.
| Analyte | Electrode | Technique | Linear Range (µmol L−1) | LOD (µmol L−1) | Samples | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AFP | CdS QDs | ASV differential pulse | 5–500 | 4.9 | Human blood serum | [166] |
| Antimicrobial resistance (RAM) GEMI |
1 to 7 | DPV | 1, 3 and 4: 10–1.0 × 104; 2: 1–1.0 × 103; 5, 6 and 7: 1–1.0 ×104 | 0.21 | Pharmaceutical formulation and water | [163] |
| Ascorbic acid, dopamine, and uric acid | GQDs/IL–SPCE | DPV | 25–400; 0.2–10 and 0.5–20 | 6.64; 0.06 and 0.03 | Vitamin C tablets, dopamine injection | [161] |
| Carcinoembryonic (CEA) | Bio AuNP/Pol/Cu2O–CD/SPE | DPV, EIS, CV and Chronoamperometry | 3.67 × 106–3.67 × 103 | 0.697 | Human blood serum and pharmaceutical formulations | [167] |
| CEA | CdS QDs | ASV differential pulse | 5–500 | 3.0 | Human blood serum | [166] |
| Chromium | PANI/GQD/SPCE | SWV | 0.05–5 | 0.005 | Water | [162] |
| Clozapine | Go/Fe3O4/SiO2 nanocomposite | DPV | 0.10–700 | 0.03 | Urine and clozapine tablet | [168] |
| Diethylstilbestrol (DES) | GQD/SPE | LSV | 0.05–7.5 | 8.8 × 10−3 | Synthetic urine, tap water | [169] |
| Dopamine | CS/N, GQDs@SPCE | CV DPV |
1–100 and 100–200 | 0.145 | Human urine | [155] |
| Dopamine and tyrosine | GQD/SPE | CV DPV |
0.1–1000 and 1.0–900 | 0.05 and 0.5 | Human urine | [154] |
| Ethinylestradiol | (mag@MIP)–GQDs–FG–NF/SPE | CV SWV |
1.0 × 10−2–2.5 | 2.6 × 10−3 | Water, serum, and urine | [156] |
| Glycose | PEDOT:PSS/Ti3C2/GQD | DPV | 0–500 | 65 | Human blood serum | [153] |
| ICG | CdS QDs | ASV differential pulse | 1–1.0 × 10−2 | 0.9 | Human blood serum | [166] |
| Ifosfamide | m–GQDs–MIP | DPASV | --- | 4.2 × 10−4 | Blood plasma, urine, and pharmaceutical formulations | [159] |
| NaDH | MagNP/C–dots/SPE | DPV | 0.2–5 | 0.15 | Serum | [164] |
| Progesterone | GQDs–NiO–AuNFs/f–MWCNTs (SPCE) | CV DPV |
1.0 × 10−4–1 | 1.86 | Human blood serum and pharmaceutical formulations | [170] |
| Solatol | MIP/AuNPs/GQD–SH/SPCE | DPV | 0.1–250 | 0.035 | Blood serum and tablets | [171] |
| Tartrazine dye (TRT) | Pt/CQDs@rGO/SPCE | DPV | 0.01–1.57 and 1.57–9.3 | 7.93 × 10−3 | Candy, soft drinks, jelly powder, and water | [105] |
| Theophylline | GQD/SPEs | CV DPV Chronoamperometry |
1–700 | 0.2 | Theophylline oral solution and urine | [160] |
| Tyrosine kinase | GQDs/SPCE | DPV | --- | 1.84 × 106 | Human blood serum | [165] |
| Vanillin | GQD@Nafion/AuNP–SPCE | LSV DPV |
0.66–33 | 3.2 | White-milk chocolate, custards, and sugar | [158] |
The explanations of the abbreviations in Table 4 can be found in the Supplementary Materials.