Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2023 Apr 18;45(4):3552–3572. doi: 10.3390/cimb45040232

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

PMC Copyright notice

Generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS). ROS are produced during the normal aerobic cell metabolism. Superoxide anion (O₂^•−) is formed from oxygen (O₂) mainly in the mitochondria. O₂^•− either reacts rapidly with nitric oxide (^•NO) to produce toxic peroxynitrite (ONOO⁻) or is catalyzed by superoxide dismutase (SOD) to generate hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), which can be neutralized by catalase or glutathione peroxidase (GPx). In presence of transition metal ions, such as ferrous ion, H₂O₂ forms hydroxyl radicals (^•OH) by the Fenton reaction. GR: glutathione reductase; GSH: reduced glutathione; GSSG: oxidized glutathione; NADP: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; NADPH: reduced NADP; NOS: nitric oxide synthase. Modified from [40].