Table 3.

The α-hairpinins and derived peptides: sequence, net charge at pH 7.0, and biological activity. Cysteine residues are shown in red, and substituted amino acids are highlighted in cyan. Gaps (−) were introduced to improve the alignment. Note: O—hydroxyproline; *—both figures are given in the original article.

Peptide	Amino Acid Sequence	Net Charge at pH 7.0
	Biological Activity	Reference
MBP-1	------ RSGRGE C RRQ C LRRHEGQPWETQE C MRR C RRRG--- -	+7
	99.9% growth inhibition of E. coli DH5 at a concentration of 3 μg/mL; 81% growth inhibition of C. michiganense ssp. nebraskense at a concentration of 30 μg/mL; Almost complete growth inhibition of F. graminearum, Sclerotina sclerotiorum, and Alternaria longipes at 60 μg/mL; Almost complete growth inhibition of Sclerotina trifoliorum at 30 μg/mL; Growth inhibition of F. moniliforme at 60 μg/mL; Weak growth inhibition of Aspergillus flavus at 60 μg/mL;	[101]
	MIC = 50 μM against E. coli DH5-α.	[100]
Var 1 (W20A)	------RSGRGE C RRQ C LRRHEGQPAETQE C MRR C RRRG----	+7
	MIC > 400 μM against E. coli DH5-α.	[100]
Var 2	------RSGRGEARRQALRRHEGQPWETQEAMRRARRRG----	+7
	MIC > 400 μM against E. coli DH5-α.	[100]
VhTI	------NTDPEQ C KVM C YAQRHSSPELLRR C LDN C EKEHD---	−2
	Trypsin inhibitor.	[90]
VhTI (5-31)	---------- EQ C KVM C YAQRHSSPELLRR C LDN C EK	+1
	Trypsin inhibitor.	[90]
FtAMP	GSSEKPQQELEE C QNV C RMKRWSTEMVHR C EKK C EEKFERQQR	+1
	Ki (trypsin) = 1.90 × 10−9 M; No inhibitory activity against elastase or α-chymotrypsin. MIC > 128 μM against E. coli BNCC 337271; MIC = 128 μM against B. subtilis BNCC 124990; MIC = 128 μM against S. aureus BNCC 186335; MIC = 16 μM against F. oxysporum BNCC 164775; MIC = 8 μM against Rhizopus sp. BNCC 147803; MIC = 8 μM against Trichoderma koningii BNCC 189731.	[94]
FtAMP-R21A	GSSEKPQQELEE C QNV C RMKAWSTEMVHR C EKK C EEKFERQQR	0
	17.3% tripsin-inhibitory activity of FtAMP; Ki (elastase) = 2.47 × 10−9 M; MIC > 128 μM against E. coli BNCC 337271; MIC = 128 μM against B. subtilis BNCC 124990; MIC = 128 μM against S. aureus BNCC 186335; MIC = 16 μM against F. oxysporum BNCC 164775; MIC = 8 μM against Rhizopus sp. BNCC 147803; MIC = 8 μM against T. koningii BNCC 189731.	[94]
FtAMP-R21F	GSSEKPQQELEE C QNV C RMKFWSTEMVHR C EKK C EEKFERQQR	0
	14.7% tripsin-inhibitory activity of FtAMP; Ki (α-chymotrypsin) = 2.73 × 10−9 M; MIC > 128 μM against E. coli BNCC 337271; MIC = 128 μM against B. subtilis BNCC 124990; MIC = 128 μM against S. aureus BNCC 186335; MIC = 16 μM against F. oxysporum BNCC 164775; MIC = 8 μM against Rhizopus sp. BNCC 147803; MIC = 8 μM against T. koningii BNCC 189731.	[94]
Sm-AMP-X	----VDPDVRAYCKHQCMSTRGDQARKICESVCMRQD------	+1
	IC50 = 12.5 μM against A. alternata strain DVZ; IC50 = 4.0 μM against A. niger VKM F-33; IC50 > 32.0 μM against B. sorokiniana 6/10; IC50 = 16.2 μM against B. cinerea SGR-1; IC50 = 5.4 μM against F. oxysporum 16/10; IC50 = 7.2 μM against F. solani IVK; IC50 > 32.0 μM against P. infestans OSV 12; IC50 > 32.0 μM against P. ultimum F-1506; No activity against C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis VKM Ac-1144, E. carotovora subsp. carotovora VKM B-1247, E. coli XL1-blue, and P. syringae VKM B-1546 at concentrations up to 40 μM.	[99]
Sm-AMP-L	----VDPDVRAYCKHQCLSTRGDQARKICESVCLRQD------	+1
	IC50 = 12.9 μM against A. alternata strain DVZ; IC50 = 3.6 μM against A. niger VKM F-33; IC50 > 32.0 μM against B. sorokiniana 6/10; IC50 = 18.0 μM against B. cinerea SGR-1; IC50 = 6.1 μM against F. oxysporum 16/10; IC50 = 7.2 μM against F. solani IVK; IC50 > 32.0 μM against P. infestans OSV 12; IC50 > 32.0 μM against P. ultimum F-1506.	[99]
Sm-AMP-X1	------------ C KHQ C MSTRGDQARKI C ESV C M	+2
	IC50 > 32.0 μM against A. alternata strain DVZ; IC50 = 8.0 μM against A. niger VKM F-33; IC50 > 32.0 μM against B. sorokiniana 6/10; IC50 > 32.0 μM against B. cinerea SGR-1; IC50 = 24.4 μM against F. oxysporum 16/10; IC50 = 19.0 μM against F. solani IVK; IC50 > 32.0 μM against P. infestans OSV 12; IC50 > 32.0 μM against P. ultimum F-1506.	[99]
Sm-AMP-X2	---------------- C MSTRGDQARKI C E	+1
	IC50 > 32.0 μM against A. alternata strain DVZ; IC50 = 16.9 μM against A. niger VKM F-33; IC50 > 32.0 μM against B. sorokiniana 6/10; IC50 > 32.0 μM against B. cinerea SGR-1; IC50 = 25.0 μM against F. oxysporum 16/10; IC50 = 22.5 μM against F. solani IVK; IC50 > 32.0 μM against P. infestans OSV 12; IC50 > 32.0 μM against P. ultimum F-1506.	[99]
Tk-AMP-X1	--------TDDR C ERM C QHYHDRREKKQ C MKG C RYGESD---	+1
	IC50 = 7.5 μg/mL against F. graminearum; IC50 = 15.0 μg/mL against F. verticillioides; IC50 = 30 μg/mL against Diplodia maydis; IC50 > 30 μg/mL against Colletotrichum graminicola.	[96]
Tk-AMP-X2	--------ADDR C ERM C QRYHDRREKKQ C MKG C RYG------	+4
	IC50 = 7.5 μg/mL against F. graminearum; IC50 = 10.0 μg/mL against F. verticillioides; IC50 = 17 μg/mL against D. maydis; IC50 > 30 μg/mL against C. graminicola;	[96]
	No activity against the tested voltage-gated potassium channels (members of the Shaker (Kv1.1–Kv1.6 and Shaker IR), Shab (Kv2.1), Shaw (Kv3.1), and erg (hERG) families) even at concentrations up to 250 μM.	[97]
Tk-hefu	--------ADDR C Y RM C QRYHDRREKKQ C KE G C RYG------	+4
	Selectively targets members of the Shaker family: at 40 μM, it inhibited the potassium currents through Kv1.2, Kv1.3, and Kv1.6 channels by 8.3, 58.4, and 7.3%, respectively. No activity on other channels. It blocked Kv1.3 channels with similar potency (IC50 34.0 μM) to κ-hefutoxin 1 (IC50~40.0 μM).	[97]
EcAMP1	------GSGRGS C RSQ C MRRHEDEPWRVQE C VSQ C RRRRGGGD	+4
	EC50 = 16.0 μM against A. alternata; EC50 = 14.0 μM against A. solani; EC50 > 32 μM against A. niger; EC50 = 18.2 μM against B. sorokiniana; EC50 > 10 μM against C.graminicola; EC50 > 10 μM against D. maydis; EC50 = 4.5 μM against F. graminearum; EC50 = 8.5 μM against F. oxysporum; EC50 = 4.0 μM against F. solani; EC50 = 8.1 μM against F. verticillioides; EC50 = 6.0 μM against Phoma betae; EC50 = 16.3 μM against P. infestans; EC50 = 12.0 μM against Pythium debaryanum; EC50 = 14.4 μM against P. ultimum; EC50 > 32 μM against Trichoderma album;	[91]
	IC50 = 3.8 μM against F. solani;	[102]
	IC50 = 5 μM against S. aureus; No activity against E. coli and P. aeruginosa at 80 μM; IC50 = 0.625 μM (MIC99 = 1.25 μM) against Candida albicans; IC50 = 6.8 (5.0)* μM against F. graminearum VKM F-1668; IC50 = 12.9 (9.4)* μM against F. oxysporum TSKHA-4; IC50 = 5.4 (5.6)* μM against F. solani; IC50 > 32 μM against A. niger VKM F-33; IC50 = 25.7 μM against B. sorokiniana VKM F-1446; IC50 = 18.4 μM against A. alternata.	[103]
EcAMP1-X1	------------ C RSQ C MRRHEDEPWRVQE C VSQ C	0
	IC50 = 9.0 μM against F. graminearum VKM F-1668; IC50 = 15.4 μM against F. oxysporum TSKHA-4; IC50 = 6.9 μM against F. solani; IC50 > 32 μM against A. niger VKM F-33; IC50 > 32.0 μM against B. sorokiniana VKM F-1446; IC50 = 21.1 μM against A. alternata; No activity against S. aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and C. albicans at 80 μM.	[103]
EcAMP1-X2	---------------- C MRRHEDEPWRVQE C	−1
	IC50 = 18.1 μM against F. graminearum VKM F-1668; IC50 = 23.2 μM against F. oxysporum TSKHA-4; IC50 = 11.0 μM against F. solani; IC50 > 32 μM against A. niger VKM F-33; IC50 > 32.0 μM against B. sorokiniana VKM F-1446; IC50 > 32.0 μM against A. alternata; No activity against S. aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and C. albicans at 80 μM.	[103]
EcAMP1-X3	------GSGRGS C RSQ C MRRHEDEPARVQE C VSQ C RRRRGGGD	+4
	IC50 = 9.9 μM against F. graminearum VKM F-1668; IC50 = 15.0 μM against F. oxysporum TSKHA-4; IC50 = 8.6 μM against F. solani.	[103]
EcAMP1-X4	------ GSGRGS C RSQ C MRRHEDEPWRVQE C VSQ C RR	+3
	IC50 = 8.5 μM against F. graminearum VKM F-1668; IC50 = 15.8 μM against F. oxysporum TSKHA-4; IC50 = 7.8 μM against F. solani.	[103]
EcAMP1-Hyp	------GSGRGS C RSQ C MRRHEDEOWRVQE C VSQ C RRRRGGGD	nd
	IC50 = 5.4 μM against F. solani.	[102]