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Oxidative stress, together with genetic alterations and neuroinflammation, damages mitochondrial dynamics by altering the redox balance, DNA, and calcium and protein balance, leading to neurodegeneration of MNs [30]. MN: motor neurons; ROS: reactive oxygen species; NAD: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; ATP: Adenosine triphosphate; ETC: electron transport chain.
